Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connection and structural support for cells and other tissues.
  2. Transport of metabolites to other tissues.
  3. Defence
  4. Production of regulatory mediators
  5. Storage and metabolism of lipids.
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2
Q

What makes up connective tissue other than cells?

A

Ground substance and fibers (much more than cells)

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3
Q

What are the main components of ground substance?

A
  1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).
  2. Proteoglycans (Protein core + GAG chains).
  3. Glycoproteins.
  4. Water and ions.
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4
Q

What are the 4 main groups of glycosaminoglycans?

A
  1. Heparan sulfate
  2. Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate
  3. Keratan sulfate
  4. Hyaluronan
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5
Q

What is the main function of ground substance?

A

Ground substance is responsible for the diffusion of substances and for delivering them to cells.

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6
Q

What are the main types of fibers in connective tissue?

A
  1. Collagen fibers.
    2 Reticular (argyrophylic fibers)
  2. Elastic fibers.
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7
Q

What is a proteoglycan?

A

Proteoglycan is one of the substances that makes up connective tissue. Proteoglycan concist of a protein core and attached to it 1 or more GAGs.

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8
Q

What are some common proteoglycans?

A
  1. Aggrecan
  2. Beta-glycan
  3. Decorin
  4. Perlecan
  5. Syndecan
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9
Q

What collagen types are collagen fibers made up of?

A

Mostly collagen 1 (sometimes 2)

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10
Q

What is meant by saying that collagen fibers are acidophilic?

A

That it is readily stained with acid dyes.

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11
Q

What causes the striated pattern in collagen fibrils?

A

A very regular arrangement of collagen molecules in the fibril.

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12
Q

What are the main function of fibroblasts?

A

To synthesize collagen.

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13
Q

What fibroblast synthesize collagen 1?

A

Osteoblasts.

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14
Q

Where does synthesis of collagen fibers start and where does it end?

A

It starts with the translation of preprocollagen molecules in the RER. It ends outside the cell with self-assembly of collagen molecules into collagen fibrils. LES MER PÅ SYNTHESIS.

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15
Q

What collagen type is reticular fibers made up of?

A

Collagen type 3.

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16
Q

What is the function of collagen fibers?

A

It is resistant to stretch and disruptions.

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17
Q

What stains reticular fibers?

A

silver salts

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18
Q

What are the main collagen types?

A

Type 1,2,3,4,5,6,7

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19
Q

What are elastic fibers made up of?

A

Elastin core and peripheral fibrils

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20
Q

What are the function of elastic fibers?

A

They can stretch very much.

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21
Q

What are the elastin molecules interconnected by?

A

They are interconnected by desmosine crosslinks.

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22
Q

What are the cells of the connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Macrophages
  3. Plasma cells
  4. Mast cells
  5. Telocytes
  6. Adipocytes.
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23
Q

Which of the cells of connective tissue proper originate from mesenchymal stem cells?

A

Fibroblasts
Telocytes
Adipocytes

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24
Q

Which of the cells of connective tissue originate from hematopoietic stem cell of the bone it directly from blood cells?

A

Macrophages
Plasma cells
Mast cells

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25
How do fibroblasts secrete components?
By consitiuitive exocytosis.
26
What are the main secretory products of fibroblasts?
1. Collagens 2. Elastin and fibrillin 3. Glycosaminoglycans 4. Proteoglycans 5. Glycoproteins 6. Metaloproteinsases.
27
What are quiescent fibroblasts?
Quiescent fibroblasts are thin elongated cells that the fibroblasts are transformed into in mature connective tissue. Poorly developed organelles.
28
What is the main function of macrophages?
Take up and digest microorganisms, damages cells and cell debris. (Phagocytosis.
29
What is acid phosphatase?
Acid phosphatase is an enzyme found in the lysosomes of macrophages that hydrolyzes organic phosphates at an acid PH.
30
Where does macrophages originate from?
Monocytes
31
What substances do macrophages produce?
1. Cytokines (interleukins, interferon, TGF, TNF). | 2. Antibacterial agents: free radicals, lysozyme.
32
What funtional states can a macrophage be in?
Resident Elicited Activated
33
What two types of phagocytosis do macrophages perform?
Nonspecific and specific.
34
What two types of functional macrophages do we have and where do they function?
1. Proinflammatory M1 (Classically activated by IFN-y or LPS. Produce cytokines to initiate an immune response. . Produce nitric oxide and reactive oxygen to protect against bacteria and virus.) 2. Antiinflammatory M2 (Alternative activation by IL-4, IL13, IL-10, and TGF. Function in constructive processes and work on repair and healing of damaged tissue.)
35
Where are monocytes found?
Blood
36
What are some resident macrophages?
1. Alveolar macrophages (Lungs) 2. Kupffer cells (Liver) 3. Hoffbauer vells (placenta) 4. Microglial cells (central nervous system) 5. Osteoclasts (Bone)
37
What is meant by saying that plasma cells cytoplasm are basophilic?
It means that plasma cells are readily stained by basic dyes.
38
What is the function of plasma cells?
They produce immunoglobulins (antibodies). Secreted by constitutive exocytosis.
39
What does the mast cells produce and release?
Proinflammatory mediators.
40
Where do plasma cells originate from?
B lymphocytes.
41
Where do mast cells originate from?
Bone marrow
42
What special component does the mast cells have a lot of?
basophilic granules.
43
What is stored in the granules of mast cells?
``` Histamine Heparin Proteases (chymase and tryptase) Chondroitin sulphate Chemostatic factors attracting eosinophils and neutrophils. ```
44
What does the mast cells synthesize and secrete immediately after activation?
Leukotrienes - proinflamatory lipids. Cytokines (interleukins) Platelet-activating factor Free radicals.
45
What kind reaction is mast cells the main effector in?
Allergic reactions.
46
What are the two types of mast cells?
CTMC (connective tissue mast cells. Contain chymase and tryptase) MMC (Mucosal mast cells. Walls of tracts. Only tryptase. Not heparin.)
47
READ ON ACTIVATION OF MAST CELLS.
READ!!! YOUTUBE?? SLIDE??
48
What antibody level is normally elevated in people with allergy?
IgE
49
What is the function of telocytes?
Signaling molecule. Influence functions of other cells by releasing signaling molecules.
50
What is the function of the long and thin processes on telocytes?
They can then make contact with other connective tissue cells and leukocytes.
51
What are the 4 classifications of connective tissue?
1. Embryonic connective tissue (mesenchymal ct, mucous ct. 2. Connective tissue proper (Loose ct, dense ct, reticular ct, adipose tissue) 3. Supporting connective tissue (cartilage, bone) 4. Blood.
52
Where do we find mesenchymal connective tissue?
In embryonic/fetal tissue.
53
What is mesenchymal connective tissue made up of?
Mesenchymal cells, stem cells, and ground substance. Almost no fibers/fibrils)
54
What do mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into?
``` Fibroblasts Chondroblasts Osteoblasts Adipocytes Endothelial cells ```
55
Where can you find mesenchymal stem cells?
Bone marrow Peripheral blood Adipose tissue Skin
56
Where in a newborn baby can you collect mesenchymal cells?
Umbilical cord. Placenta Amnion
57
What is mucous connective tissue composed of?
Primitive fibroblasts Ground substance Few delicate collagen fibrils.
58
Where is mucous connective tissue found?
Umbilical cord and dental pulp.
59
What is loose connective tissue made up of?
``` Cells of connective tissue proper: 1. Fibroblasts 2. Macrophages 3. Plasma cells 4. Mast cells 5. Telocytes 6. Adipocytes. + Blood leukocytes ``` + 50/50 fibers and ground substance.
60
What is dense connective tissue made up of?
Quiescent fibroblasts Collagen fibers Much more fibers than ground substance.
61
Where can you find dense connective tissue (irregular?
dermis, sclera, capsules of organs.
62
Where do you find loose connective tissue?
In all organs. Forms scaffolding in organs. | Surrounds larger blood vessels and nerve bundles inside organs.
63
Where do you find regular dense connective tissue?
Tendons, ligaments, cornea.
64
What is reticular connective tissue made up of?
Reticular fibers | Mainly fibroblasts and macrophages.
65
What is yellow adipose tissue made up of?
Unilocular adipocytes Little extracellular substance (reticular fibers) A dense network of blood vessels.
66
Where do you find yellow adipose tissue?
The hypodermis, around the intestines, in capsules of some organs.
67
What is the function of yellow adipose tissue?
Storage, metabolism, and release of lipids.
68
What are the main functions of adipocytes?
Uptake, synthesis, storage, degradation, the release of lipids.
69
What hormones are produced by unilocular adipocytes?
Leptins (inhibit appetite) Adiponectin (regulation of fatty acids and glucose metabolism) Resistin (participates in the regulation of inflammatory processes)
70
What is brown adipose tissue composed of?
Multilocular adipocytes Little extracellular substance A dense network of capillary vessels.
71
Where is brown adipose tissue found?
``` In neonates (regions of neck, spine, mediastinum, kidneys) In adults extremely rare. ```
72
What are the functions of brown adipose tissue?
Storage, metabolism, and release of lipids, heat.
73
What special protein does the mitochondria of multiocular adipocytes have?
Uncoupling protein-1, UCP-1 also called thermogenin.
74
What are multilocular adipocytes rich in?
Mitochondria
75
Where do multiocular (brown) adipocytes originate from?
Myogenic stem cells
76
Where do uniocular (yellow adipocytes originate from?
Mesenchymal cells.
Histology
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