Connective Tissues

Question 1

____________ _________ forms a framework to support body tissues and organs.

Answer 1

Connective tissue

Question 2

List the three components of connective tissue.

Answer 2

Fibres, cells, and amorphous ground substance

Question 3

Connective tissue ________ various tissues together.

Answer 3

Binds

Question 4

Connective tissue assists with the formation of intracellular substances, to aid with _________ and movement within the body.

Answer 4

Friction

Question 5

________ tissue protects against wound and infection.

Answer 5

Areolar

Question 6

________ tissue stores fat, and acts as insulation.

Answer 6

Adipose

Question 7

__________ tissue forms shape and the framework of the body.

Answer 7

Supportive

Question 8

Haemopoietic tissue produces _______.

Answer 8

Blood

Question 9

Lymphatic tissue is requisite for ________.

Answer 9

Immunity

Question 10

‘Loose CT proper’ is synonymous with _______ tissue.

Answer 10

Areolar

Question 11

Areolar tissue connects _________ surfaces to the underlying structures, filling spaces between organs.

Answer 11

Epithelial

Question 12

In a stained section, areolar tissue appears as an ______-_______ network of numerous bundles of collagenic fibres, running in all directions.

Answer 12

Open-weave

Question 13

__________ tissue derives from areolar tissue, evolved as fat cells replace almost all other cells and fibres.

Answer 13

Adipose

Question 14

True or false: elastic fibres are mostly absent in adipose tissue.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Dense connective tissue contains dense masses of collagen fibres and _________, in an orderly arrangement.

Answer 15

Fibroblasts

Question 16

___________ tissue is often seen as the capsules, enclosing organs and tubular structure, and is found in tendons and ligaments, known for strength.

Answer 16

Dense

Question 17

True or false: myxoid tissue is regularly found in adults.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

Myxoid tissue is found in embryonic specimens and the ___________ ______.

Answer 18

Umbilical cord

Question 19

__________ fibres are thin, small, and exhibit branching.

Answer 19

Elastic

Question 20

Elastic fibres can stretch to up to ____ times their length, before returning to normal upon relaxation.

Answer 20

1.5

Question 21

Elastic fibres are comprised of bundles of ________, produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.

Answer 21

Elastin

Question 22

List two pathologies with which elastic fibres are associated.

Answer 22

Elastolysis and Marfan syndrome

Question 23

What are the three types of elastic fibre?

Answer 23

Oxytalin, elauni, and elastic

Question 24

Verhoeff’s haematoxylin and __________ stain are commonly used.

Answer 24

Miller’s

Question 25

Loss of elastic fibres, or ____-_______ _________, may be associated with systemic disorders, autoimmune conditions, and pregnancy.

Answer 25

Mid-dermal elastolysis

Question 26

_______________ is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints and nerves.

Answer 26

Cartilage

Question 27

True or false: cartilage is not as hard and rigid as bone, but much stiffer and less flexible than muscle.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Cartilage is made up of _______________.

Answer 28

Glycosaminoglycans

Question 29

What are the two main cells of cartilage?

Answer 29

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes

Question 30

List two areas of the body in which cartilage is found.

Answer 30

Ears and nose

Question 31

_____________ are clusters of chondrocytes.

Answer 31

Lacunae

Question 32

What are the three main forms of cartilage?

Answer 32

Hyalin, elastic, and fibrocartilage

Question 33

True or false: bone is highly vascular, and metabolically active.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Bone is _______, inflexible connective tissue.

Answer 34

Rigid

Question 35

________ produces red and white blood cells.

Answer 35

Bone

Question 36

Bone is rich in calcium and ___________.

Answer 36

Phosphate

Question 37

______________ and osteocytes are involved in the formation and mineralisation of bone.

Answer 37

Osteoblasts

Question 38

Osteoclasts are involved in the _________ of bone tissue (breakdown of bone, and release of calcium into the blood).

Answer 38

Resorption

Question 39

The mineralised matrix of bone tissue has an organic component of mainly collagen called _________, and an inorganic component, made up of salts.

Answer 39

Ossein

Question 40

Compact bone tissue forms the outer layer of all bones, while spongy, or ___________, bone forms the inner layer.

Answer 40

Cancellous

Question 41

__________ bone contains no osteons (which constitute bone tissue). Instead, it consists of trabeculae, which are lamellae, arranged as rods.

Answer 41

Spongy

Question 42

The majority of bone specimens are biopsies, the core of ___________ and compact bone.

Answer 42

Marrow

Question 43

Larger excisions of ________, as seen in tumours, may be submitted for analysis.

Answer 43

Lesions

Question 44

Bone decalcification is the __________ of calcium salts.

Answer 44

Dissolving

Question 45

Decalcification of bone is omitted if investigation into mineral _________ is requisite.

Answer 45

Metabolism

Question 46

Bone decalcification is performed using weak and strong acids, or calcium _________, by EDTA.

Answer 46

Chelation

Question 47

_____________ is a reduction in bone mass, causing brittle bones.

Answer 47

Osteoporosis

Question 48

Osteomalacia is a vitamin ___ deficiency, which leads to defect in mineralisation of calcium, causing soft bones.

Answer 48

D

Question 49

Pathologies of the bone marrow, primary tumours, and secondary tumours are examples of ___________.

Answer 49

Neoplasms

Question 50

_____________ _________ are identified with Type I collagen, but much smaller.

Answer 50

Reticular fibres

Question 51

Reticular fibres are demonstrated by their ability to adsorb _________.

Answer 51

Silver

Question 52

Reticular fibres are found in the liver, spleen, and _______________ organs.

Answer 52

Haematopoietic

Question 53

_____________ _________ exist as individual fibres, loose areolar tissues, or as large bundles of fibres stuck together.

Answer 53

Collagen fibres

Question 54

The basic structure of collagen is a protein of three subunits, abundant in glycine, ___________, and hydroxyproline.

Answer 54

Proline

Question 55

What are the four main types of collagen?

Answer 55

Types I, II, III, and IV

Question 56

Type __ collagen forms bulk of body’s collagen especially in lung; other types are found in the liver, spleen, kidney. Characterised by thick fibres (75 nm) existing in bundles, the fibres are stronger than steel. Mutations give rise to brittle bone disease.

Answer 56

I

Question 57

Type ___ collagen is found in hyaline and elastic cartilage and is formed by chondroblasts. Fibres are thinner that Type I, and arranged in a meshwork with lots of proteoglycan (CHO). This variety of collagen is not visible by light microscopy.

Answer 57

II

Question 58

Type ___ is found in tissues that also contain Type I collagen (lung, liver, spleen and kidney). Reticular fibres contain this collagen. Provides a limited amount of support, but is important in allowing motility, and for exchange of metabolites. Foetal tissues contain large amount of this collagen.

Answer 58

III

Question 59

Type ___ is found in basement membrane (such as those found in the kidney), and is not visible by light microscope. Fibrils show a random rearrangement forming a feltwork-like structure in basement membranes.

Answer 59

IV

Question 60

Type ___ is produced in small quantities by a wide range of cells, such as CT cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. It remains at cell surface, and is involved in the attachment of cells to adjacent structures.

Answer 60

V

Question 61

Tough bundles of collagen, called collagen fibres, are a major component of the __________ matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside, but collagen is also found inside certain cells.

Answer 61

Extracellular

Question 62

Along with _______ __________, collagen is responsible for skin strength and elasticity, and its degradation leads to wrinkles that accompany aging.

Answer 62

Soft keratin

Question 63

True or false: collagen may be stained with trichromes, silver stains (for reticulin and basement membrane), and immunostains (using anti-collagen antibodies).

Answer 63

True

Question 64

True or false: collagen fibres react weakly with acid dye, due to affinity of the cationic groups in collagen for binding to anionic reactive groups in acid dyes.

Answer 64

False

Question 65

List three scenarios in which collagen visualisation is required.

Answer 65

Hepatic pathologies, cardiac infections, and tumour detection

Question 66

_______________ produce collagen fibres and the amorphous ground substance.

Answer 66

Fibroblasts

Question 67

The mature form of the _________ is called the fibrocyte.

Answer 67

Fibroblast

Question 68

Adipocytes are rich in _________, and used for fat-storing.

Answer 68

Lipids

Question 69

List three types of connective tissue cells.

Answer 69

Nervous, endothelial, and mast cells

Question 70

What term is given to the non-cellular component of extracellular matrix, containing fibres?

Answer 70

Ground substance

Question 71

Name an anchoring protein found in ground substance.

Answer 71

Laminin

Question 72

The gel matrix of ground substance is semi-solid, viscous, and rich in_______________, mucins, and water; it is stained by Alcian blue.

Answer 72

Glycoproteins

Question 73

____________ ___________ facilitates the diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, fluids, and metabolites.

Answer 73

Ground substance

Question 74

What type of collagen deficit leads to osteogenesis imperfecta?

Answer 74

Type I