1
Q
In C.A. Pierce’s 1955 study of the New Testament, how many times is Conscience used by St. Paul?
A
22 times
St. Paul is the only biblical author to use the term ‘Conscience’.
2
Q
According to John Webster, what is more important than conscience in the Christian moral framework?
A
- Following scripture
- Prayer
Webster believes that conscience is not a significant focus in moral decision-making.
3
Q
What does Barth believe about conscience?
A
It is guided by God’s love to be a moral person
Barth warns that relying solely on personal morality can lead to flawed reasoning.
4
Q
In the Old Testament, what term is closest to the idea of conscience?
A
true heart
The Old Testament does not have a specific word for conscience.
5
Q
What did Jesus teach about having a pure heart?
A
God blesses those whose hearts are pure for they will see God
This teaching emphasizes the importance of good works and good intentions.
6
Q
What term does Paul use that is translated to conscience?
A
synderesis
This term is not a direct translation of conscience.
7
Q
According to Romans 2:14-15, what do non-Jewish people demonstrate regarding the law?
A
They act according to laws even without knowledge of them
This shows that the requirements of the law are in their hearts and conscience.
8
Q
For Paul, what is conscience considered to be?
A
The universal knowledge of God’s law
Conscience can be corrupted but can be redeemed through Christ and the Holy Spirit.
9
Q
How can we follow our conscience according to the teachings mentioned?
A
Through the guidance of the Holy Spirit and Jesus’ example
This guidance helps individuals align their actions with their conscience.
10
Q
What is the idea of synderesis rooted in?
A
Greek ideas of the soul from Plato
Synderesis encompasses the understanding of moral judgment.
11
Q
List the three parts of synderesis.
A
- Appetite
- Emotion
- Reason
These components contribute to the action of judging what is right.
12
Q
Synderesis is an action/habit of judging what?
A
What is right and wrong
It aligns with the concept of original righteousness.
13
Q
Synderesis is in agreement with original righteousness. What does this mean?
A
It agrees with pre-fall and pre-corruption human nature
This indicates that synderesis remains valid despite the fall.
14
Q
Why is synderesis considered to be innate?
A
Because we are all made imago Dei.
This reflects the belief in the inherent moral capacity of humans.
15
Q
Who agrees with the concept of synderesis acting on your reason?
A
Fletcher
Fletcher’s view aligns with the understanding of moral reasoning.
16
Q
What does Augustine say about the fall’s impact on conscience?
A
It has completely corrupted it
This corruption necessitates reliance on the Church’s teachings and scripture.
17
Q
What is the process of determining right and wrong according to Aquinas?
A
synderesis
This process involves using reason as a guide.
18
Q
Why does Aquinas disagree with Augustine?
A
He thinks we should use the reason God has given us to work out right and wrong, rather than being guided from within.
19
Q
What is Aquinas’ process of syderesis?
A
Using our God given reason to work out what is right and wrong ourselves.
20
Q
What is the telos set by God for humanity?
A
Purpose for humanity
All humans have a telos that guides their actions and existence.
21
Q
How can one find their telos according to Aquinas?
A
- Observe God’s creation
- Refer to divine law (scripture)
- Use reason
These methods help individuals understand their purpose as ordained by God.
22
Q
List the five primary precepts of Natural Law.
A
- Education
- Preservation of life
- Worshiping God
- Ordered society
- Procreate
These precepts guide moral behavior and societal structure.
23
Q
What is the ultimate goal of fulfilling one’s telos?
A
Eudaimonia
Eudaimonia is the state of union with God in heaven.
24
Q
Why can all humans find their telos using reason?
A
Because we are made imago Dei
This means everyone has the capacity for reason, which is essential for understanding purpose.
25
What are **secondary precepts** in Aquinas' Natural Law?
* Mandatory schools for children
* No abortion
* Go to church
* Laws
* Have children
## Footnote
These are human laws derived from the primary precepts using reason.
26
What distinguishes **real goods** from **apparent goods**?
* Real goods align with telos
* Apparent goods do not align with telos
## Footnote
Apparent goods may seem good but do not fulfill the true purpose as defined by telos.
27
What is the **rule of synderesis**?
All humans have a natural inclination to do good and avoid evil
## Footnote
This rule underpins Aquinas' understanding of moral behavior.
28
What is the essence of Aquinas' **Natural Law** theory?
God has designed a moral law into human nature
## Footnote
This design inclines humans towards moral good, emphasizing the use of reason.
29
What is **synderesis** according to Aquinas?
Our natural disposition towards doing good and avoiding evil
## Footnote
This concept reflects an inherent moral awareness in humans.
30
Define **conscientia** in Aquinas' view.
Humans use their reason to make moral decisions; we must train ourselves to recognize our conscience
## Footnote
This emphasizes the role of reason in moral discernment.
31
What does **ratio** refer to in Aquinas' philosophy?
Reason, as rational creatures made in God's image, helps us know our telos and principles of Natural Law
## Footnote
This highlights the connection between reason and our ultimate purpose.
32
What is **vincible ignorance**?
When someone's lack of knowledge is their own fault, through negligence or avoidance
## Footnote
This type of ignorance implies personal responsibility.
33
What is **invincible ignorance**?
When someone's lack of knowledge is not their own fault, such as living in a remote area
## Footnote
This type of ignorance suggests a lack of access to necessary information.
34
According to Aquinas, why must we obey **reason**?
Reason is given by God
## Footnote
Aquinas believed that disregarding reason equates to rejecting God's command.
35
How did Augustine describe the innate knowledge of right and wrong?
As **synderesis**, acknowledging it can be faulty due to the Fall
## Footnote
Augustine emphasized reliance on the church and scripture for moral guidance.
36
What was Aquinas' disagreement with Augustine regarding conscience?
Aquinas argued that conscience has a binding force
## Footnote
He believed that reason alone could determine right and wrong, following Aristotle's philosophy.
37
How did Aquinas view the role of **reason** in relation to God?
He held reason in the highest esteem, stating it is like God in the world
## Footnote
Aquinas emphasized the importance of reason in moral decision-making.
38
What did Aquinas claim about disparaging the dictate of **reason**?
It is equivalent to condemning the command of God
## Footnote
This reflects the integral role of reason in Aquinas' moral framework.
39
How did Augustine use the term syderesis?
Meant the innate knowledge of right and wrong, and can be faulty due to the fall.
40
What did Augustine think humans should use to guide reason?
Church teaching and scripture.
41
According to **Aquinas**, what must one understand to comprehend **conscience**?
Ratio (reason)
## Footnote
Aquinas emphasized the importance of reason in understanding moral actions.
42
What did **Augustine of Hippo** believe about human qualities?
Reason, intellect, and mind are all one power
## Footnote
This view contrasts with Aquinas' perspective on ratio.
43
How did **Aquinas** view the concept of **ratio** in relation to human qualities?
A separate thing from reason, intellect, and mind
## Footnote
Aquinas argued against Augustine's unified view of these powers.
44
What does Aquinas mean by 'all acts of virtue are prescribed by the **natural law**'?
The 5 primary precepts/telos are sent by God
## Footnote
This reflects Aquinas' belief in divine guidance for moral actions.
45
According to Aquinas, humans are naturally inclined towards **good**, but what complicates this inclination?
Apparent goods
## Footnote
Apparent goods require correct use of reason to distinguish true moral actions.
46
What role does **reason** play in Aquinas' understanding of **natural law**?
Makes natural law a good thing to do
## Footnote
Without reason, natural law lacks moral significance.
47
What is **Synderesis** according to Aquinas?
Innate knowledge of human nature and primary precepts guiding towards good and away from evil
## Footnote
Synderesis is the idea of conscience present in all humans.
48
How does **Synderesis** help individuals?
Enables development of knowledge of moral principles and guides away from bad
## Footnote
It is a fundamental aspect of moral reasoning.
49
What method does Aquinas use to find the **primary precepts**?
Practical reason by reflecting on human nature
## Footnote
This reflection leads to understanding basic moral principles.
50
What is the role of **conscientia** in moral decision-making?
Finding secondary precepts through choice and judgment
## Footnote
Conscientia is the end result of reason applied to moral situations.
51
What does **prudence** involve in moral evaluation?
Considering various views and balancing the needs of others with one's own
## Footnote
Prudence is essential for making sound moral judgments.
52
Why can moral reasoning be wrong according to Aquinas?
Due to the fall, necessitating education of conscience/reason with scripture and church tradition
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of moral education.
53
What is the general desire of all people according to Aquinas?
To do moral good (synderesis)
## Footnote
However, people may sometimes follow apparent goods instead of real goods.
54
What is the difference between **real good** and **apparent good**?
Real good is true moral good; apparent good may seem good but is not
## Footnote
Reason is needed to discern between the two.
55
What is **vincible ignorance**?
Ignorance where one should know something is immoral
## Footnote
Most ignorance is vincible; we often choose not to know.
56
Who stated, 'most ignorance is vincible ignorance. We don’t know because we don’t want to know.'?
Huxley
## Footnote
This quote emphasizes the choice involved in moral ignorance.
57
What is **synderesis** according to Aquinas?
The ability of reason to find the first principles of God's natural moral law
## Footnote
Synderesis provides insight into God's intentions for our telos.
58
According to the **synderesis rule**, what is the good?
What all things seek as their end goal (telos)
## Footnote
This indicates that human nature has an innate orientation towards good.
59
What is the principle of law according to Aquinas?
That good must be done and evil avoided
## Footnote
This principle reflects the fundamental moral orientation of human nature.
60
List the **primary precepts** as identified by synderesis.
* Worship God
* Live in an orderly society
* Reproduce
* Educate
* Protect and preserve human life
* Defend the innocent
## Footnote
These precepts guide our nature towards the good and represent God's law in ethical principles.
61
What is the process called when primary precepts are applied to real life situations?
Conscientia
## Footnote
This involves using reason and judgment to acquire secondary precepts.
62
What is **Natural Law** in Aquinas' theory?
God is the grounding and source of morality
## Footnote
Natural Law serves as the basis for understanding moral principles.
63
How does Aquinas define **conscience**?
The human psychology involved in understanding and applying natural moral law
## Footnote
Conscience is essential for moral decision-making.
64
Conscience is described as **ratio**. What does this mean?
Reason used to understand and apply God's natural law
## Footnote
Ratio is fundamental in moral reasoning according to Aquinas.
65
What are the **three ways** conscience applies knowledge of natural moral law?
* Witness
* Bind and Incite
* Accuse, Torment and Rebuke
## Footnote
These functions illustrate how conscience influences moral actions.
66
What does the **Witness** function of conscience indicate?
Knowing whether we have or haven't done something
## Footnote
This aspect of conscience helps in self-reflection.
67
What does the **Bind and Incite** function of conscience do?
Judges that something should/shouldn't be done
## Footnote
This guides moral decision-making.
68
What is the result of the **Accuse, Torment and Rebuke** function of conscience?
Judges whether something done is well done or ill done
## Footnote
This leads to feelings of guilt when wrong actions are recognized.
69
How does conscience relate to feelings of **guilt**?
It accuses, torments, and rebukes us for wrong actions
## Footnote
Guilt is a psychological response to moral failure.
70
What is **vincible ignorance**?
Ignorance due to actively avoiding doing something
## Footnote
This concept relates to moral responsibility.
71
Why is conscience considered **fallible**?
Human reason is fallible due to the fall
## Footnote
This means that moral judgments can sometimes be incorrect.
72
Give an example of a mistaken moral judgment according to Aquinas.
Mistaking euthanasia for an actual good
## Footnote
This is due to the belief that it relieves suffering, conflicting with the primary precept of preserving life.
73
What does Aquinas claim about the **synderesis rule** and primary precepts?
They cannot be mistaken or lost from the human mind
## Footnote
These are fundamental moral truths that guide conscience.
74
What can lead to mistakes in **conscientia**?
* Original sin
* Unvirtuous habits
* Corrupt culture
## Footnote
These factors can distort moral reasoning.
75
In moral theology, **ignorance** is defined as a lack what?
knowledge a person ought to have
## Footnote
It is distinguished from ignorance that a person has no need of.
76
What type of ignorance is described as a lack of knowledge that a person is **morally responsible** for?
Vincible ignorance
## Footnote
This type of ignorance occurs when a person should have known something.
77
What type of ignorance is described as a lack of knowledge for which a person is **not morally responsible**?
Invincible ignorance
## Footnote
This type of ignorance occurs when a person did not need to know something.
78
According to Aquinas, a person's conscience can go wrong in which two ways?
* Through no fault of their own
* Through their own fault
## Footnote
This distinction is important in understanding moral responsibility.
79
What are **apparent goods** according to Aquinas?
Actions that appear good but are not
## Footnote
They result from faulty reasoning and can mislead one's conscience.
80
What is **vincible ignorance**?
Lack of knowledge for which a person is morally responsible
## Footnote
It is considered culpable ignorance because the individual could have learned if they had made enough effort.
81
What feeling arises from not showing due diligence in correcting ignorance?
Guilt
## Footnote
Guilt can be lessened if the lack of knowledge is due to laziness rather than intentional ignorance.
82
What is **affected ignorance**?
Deliberate ignorance to avoid responsibility
## Footnote
This is considered very wrong and guilty.
83
Give an example of how good intentions can lead to **affected ignorance**.
Giving money to a man on the streets instead of food or charity
## Footnote
This could perpetuate his poverty and drug abuse.
84
What is an example of **vincible ignorance** related to the Dresden bombing?
British government terror bombing killing 60,000 innocent people
## Footnote
They should have known it was wrong as no military bases were nearby.
85
How does vincible ignorance link to **Aquinas' teachings on reason**?
It affects the use of reason to find acts in line with our telos
## Footnote
Conscience should use reason to align actions with true good.
86
What is the consequence of the **fall** according to Aquinas?
Reason can be flawed, leading to apparent goods instead of real goods
## Footnote
This is due to vincible ignorance from lack of education or checking our use of reason.
87
What should be used to educate reason and avoid vincible ignorance?
Church teachings and scripture
## Footnote
These resources help in avoiding apparent goods and aligning with true goods.
88
What is meant by **Invincible Ignorance**?
You are not responsible for your ignorance; it can never be overcome, no matter how much diligence is shown
## Footnote
This concept can also be described as being innocent.
89
Provide an example of **Invincible Ignorance**.
Giving money to a homeless charity instead of directly to a homeless person
## Footnote
This can be good, but if the charity workers are abusing the homeless, the giver is not at fault due to invincible ignorance.
90
In the example of the **Dresden bomb**, why would the government be considered invincible?
They had no way of knowing that children were hidden underneath the weapons factory
## Footnote
This illustrates the concept of invincible ignorance in moral reasoning.
91
According to **Aquinas**, what is not a concept of guilt?
A feeling in your heart when you see a man begging
## Footnote
Aquinas believed guilt is not based on feelings but on reasoning from primary to secondary precepts.
92
What is the process of reasoning described by Aquinas?
Moving from **primary precepts** to **secondary precepts**
## Footnote
This process is central to Aquinas's understanding of conscience.
93
What is Aquinas' view on **conscience**?
It isn't a voice of authority that can be used to justify doing bad acts
## Footnote
Aquinas believes that anyone can use their conscience and apply reason correctly, as we are made Imago Dei.
94
According to Aquinas, human nature contains an orientation towards **what**?
Good
## Footnote
He does not specify that humans actually do more good than evil.
95
What are two core similarities between morality across different cultures according to Aquinas?
* No killing
* No stealing
## Footnote
These similarities suggest a universal moral understanding.
96
Who argued that the most important source of authority is **conscience**?
Cardinal Newman
## Footnote
He viewed conscience as the innate voice of God that should always be obeyed.
97
What did Cardinal Newman say about conscience in relation to authority?
"I toast the Pope, but I toast the conscience first."
## Footnote
This emphasizes the primacy of conscience over institutional authority.
98
What criticism is made against Aquinas regarding the capability of all individuals to use **reason**?
Not everyone has reason (mentally disabled)
## Footnote
This challenges the universality of Aquinas' claims about conscience.
99
Who found that moral reasoning develops in **stages** during childhood?
Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg
## Footnote
Their research indicates that moral reasoning is not innate but develops over time.
100
What is a criticism of Aquinas' view on human nature?
Too optimistic about human nature
## Footnote
Examples include Savery and Nazism being embraced by certain cultures.
101
What did Fletcher claim about Aquinas' awareness of other cultures?
Aquinas was not aware of other cultures and moral beliefs like we are today
## Footnote
This suggests that there is no innate God-given ability to discover natural law.
102
Who argued that society conditions our **moral views**?
Freud
## Footnote
This perspective challenges Aquinas' view of natural law as a cultural product.
103
What did Barth argue about Aquinas' natural law theory?
It was a false theology
## Footnote
Barth claimed it placed dangerous overreliance on human reason, emphasizing the necessity of revelation.
104
According to Freud, what influences the construction of **conscience**?
* Religion
* Society
* Education
* Parents
* Social media
* Laws of the land
## Footnote
These factors shape a person's views of morality.
105
What are the three parts of the **psyche** according to Freud?
* Id
* Ego
* Super Ego
## Footnote
Each part plays a distinct role in influencing behavior and moral decision-making.
106
The **Id** represents what aspect of human nature?
Unconscious animalistic desires
## Footnote
It includes genetic and survival instincts.
107
The **Ego** is described as what part of the self?
Conscious decision-making self
## Footnote
It is the part of ourselves that we are aware of.
108
What does the **Super Ego** store?
Values introjected from authority figures
## Footnote
It reflects societal expectations and influences moral feelings.
109
When desire arises from the **Id** and **Ego**, what role does the **Super Ego** play?
It tells us whether societal values allow the action
## Footnote
If we don’t act on it, we may repress the desire.
110
Freud believed that repression of desires could lead to what?
Mental problems
## Footnote
This is due to the conditioning against acting on certain desires.
111
Freud's theory asserts that what are the prime motivators in all humans?
Sexual desire and pleasure
## Footnote
This contrasts with Aquinas' view of conscience.
112
How does Freud's view of **conscience** differ from Aquinas' theory?
Freud sees it as part of the unconscious mind arising from bad experiences
## Footnote
Aquinas views conscience differently, focusing on rational moral decision-making.
113
Freud rejected the concept of conscience based on what feeling?
Guilt
## Footnote
He considered guilt to be unhealthy.
114
What does the **Super Ego** reflect according to Freud?
Anger and disapproval of society
## Footnote
It internalizes societal norms and expectations.
115
What are the **psychosexual stages of development**?
* Oral Stage
* Anal Stage
* Phallic Stage
* Latent Stage
* Genital Stage
## Footnote
These stages are crucial for developing morality and personality in adulthood.
116
Define **libido** in the context of Freud's theory.
Drive and motivation
## Footnote
It plays a significant role in the psychosexual stages of development.
117
What can result from not going through the **psychosexual stages** smoothly?
Fixation
## Footnote
Fixation impacts adult personality and can affect the unconscious mind.
118
What is the focus of the **Oral Stage**?
Pleasure from the mouth
## Footnote
This stage lasts from birth to 18 months and involves sensory discovery.
119
What determines how a baby learns to view the world during the **Oral Stage**?
The mother's response
## Footnote
Positive experiences lead to trust and safety, while negative experiences create feelings of danger.
120
What is the focus of the **Anal Stage**?
Control of bladder and bowel
## Footnote
This stage is significant for personality development according to Freud.
121
What does toilet training offer a child during the **Anal Stage**?
Control over their actions
## Footnote
This contrasts with the lack of choice in the weaning process during the Oral Stage.
122
What is the **Oedipus complex**?
A theory named after the mythical King of Thebes
## Footnote
It involves themes of unconsciousness and is linked to Freud's studies.
123
What is the **Primal Horde** in Freud's theory?
124
What does unresolved libido lead to in Freud's theory?
Fixation
## Footnote
This term describes someone stuck in a specific psychosexual stage.
125
What is Freud's stance on **Aquinas' view of conscience**?
Freud criticises it, linking conscience to religion
## Footnote
Freud identifies himself as an atheist.
126
How does Freud explain the development of **monotheism**?
Through childhood experience
## Footnote
He relates it to the dependency on fathers during infancy.
127
According to Freud, why do we project our memory of our **father** onto the universe?
Because he is a figure of authority who provides possessions through work
## Footnote
This projection leads us to see God as the father and sustainer of all things.
128
What is the **Id** in Freud's theory?
The passion/pleasure seeker; biological force/drive present at birth
## Footnote
The Id operates according to the *pleasure principle*, seeking immediate satisfaction of needs.
129
According to Freud, the **Id** operates on which principle?
Pleasure principle
## Footnote
Its primary purpose is to meet needs immediately.
130
How does a **newborn** primarily function according to Freud's theory?
Almost completely Id; actions based on biological forces and unconscious behavior
## Footnote
Crying is a strategy used by the Id to satisfy needs like hunger and discomfort.
131
What is the **Ego** in Freud's theory?
The part of personality that asserts itself as the baby grows; operates according to the reality principle
## Footnote
It finds acceptable ways to meet the needs presented by the Id.
132
The **Ego** operates according to which principle?
Reality principle
## Footnote
It works to satisfy the Id without harming the organism.
133
What role does the **Ego** play in relation to the **Id**?
Keeps the Id under control; rules with common sense and reason
## Footnote
It aims to satisfy the Id's needs in a socially acceptable manner.
134
What is the **Super Ego** in Freud's theory?
The moral judgment part of personality; provides ideas of right and wrong
## Footnote
It is seen as the conscience and reflects societal norms.
135
The **Super Ego** internalizes what?
Anger and disapproval of others
## Footnote
It reflects inherited traditions and family ideas.
136
What does a **guilty conscience** indicate according to Freud?
Social demands imposed on us; dictates behavior
## Footnote
It is a result of the Super Ego's influence.
137
How does the **Super Ego** function in relation to the **Ego**?
Acts as the Ego's parent; punishes and rewards
## Footnote
It does this through feelings of guilt, shame, pride, and self-esteem.
138
The **Super Ego** represents what in contrast to the **Id**?
Society's needs or desires
## Footnote
While the Id represents biological needs and wishes.
139
What is the role of **guilt** in our behavior according to the text?
It drives us to follow what has been instilled by parents and society
## Footnote
Guilt is linked to the super ego, which senses when we go against the wishes of others.
140
According to the text, guilt comes from our **sexual desire** towards whom?
Our parents
## Footnote
This suggests a complex relationship between guilt and familial dynamics.
141
What motivates us to act correctly, as stated in the text?
Craving approval
## Footnote
This craving is tied to the feeling of guilt when we do not meet others' expectations.
142
What is a **positive** aspect of Freud's recognition regarding morality?
He acknowledges the impact of upbringing and authority on individual morality
## Footnote
This recognition highlights the importance of social influences on moral development.
143
Freud acknowledges **cultural relativism** by stating that _______ and influences are different.
authority
## Footnote
This suggests that moral standards can vary across different cultures.
144
Freud's theory of the **id** aligns with which scientific idea?
Survival of the fittest
## Footnote
However, Freud is criticized for placing too much emphasis on this concept.
145
What is a **positive** aspect of Freud's theory regarding the mind?
Acknowledgment of the extent of the unconscious mind
## Footnote
This aspect has influenced various fields, including psychology and philosophy.
146
What is a **negative** criticism of Freud's theories?
Male focused
## Footnote
This criticism points to a lack of consideration for female perspectives in his work.
147
Freud's theories are criticized for having a **limited** what?
Experimental basis/empirical evidence
## Footnote
This limitation raises questions about the scientific validity of his claims.
148
Freud's theory is considered too **loose** because it lacks what?
Rigorous empirical support
## Footnote
This vagueness makes it difficult to test or validate his ideas.
149
Who criticized Freud's theory as being based on **hypotheses** rather than substantial evidence?
Karl Popper
## Footnote
Popper argued that real science must be verifiable or falsifiable.
150
According to critics, Freud's theory is deemed **meaningless** because it lacks what?
Substantial empirical evidence
## Footnote
This criticism challenges the scientific legitimacy of his psychological theories.
151
Freud's idea that individuals are determined by **upbringing** and external morals is considered flawed because _______.
People can move away from these influences
## Footnote
This ability to change is a reason for moral progress in society.
152
What are the **two dimensions** of conscience according to psychologists?
* Immature conscience
* Mature conscience
## Footnote
These dimensions reflect different stages of moral development and understanding.
153
Define **immature conscience**.
Mass guilty feelings acquired in early years, seeking approval from others
## Footnote
It involves acting to please others rather than developing personal integrity.
154
Define **mature conscience**.
Healthy conscience identified with the ego's search for integrity
## Footnote
It is concerned with right and wrong and encourages individual self-fulfillment.
155
What does the **immature conscience** urge individuals to do?
Conform to the will of the majority
## Footnote
This is to live in harmony with other members of the social group.
156
What is a key conflict between the **mature** and **immature** conscience?
Feeling guilty about actions believed to be wrong versus realizing they are not
## Footnote
This conflict highlights the evolution of moral understanding.
157
The **mature conscience** encourages us to pursue _______.
individual self-fulfillment
## Footnote
It emphasizes making our own decisions rather than conforming.
158
Who was **Fromm** and where was he born?
A psychotherapist born in Frankfurt
## Footnote
Fromm was born to Jewish Orthodox parents and later gave up the Jewish faith at 26.
159
What significant life change did Fromm make in response to the rise of **Nazism**?
Moved to America
## Footnote
This move was influenced by the political climate in Germany.
160
Define **Authoritarian Conscience** according to Fromm.
A guilty conscience from displeasing those in power
## Footnote
This includes fear of rejection from figures like Hitler.
161
What is **Humanistic Conscience** as developed by Fromm?
An individual view of morality away from authoritarian influence
## Footnote
It encourages personal moral development.
162
What challenge does Fromm identify in overcoming **authoritarian power**?
It is hard to go against the authoritarian
## Footnote
This struggle is a central theme in Fromm's work.
163
Who can be used as an example of resisting **authoritarian power**?
Bonhoeffer
## Footnote
Bonhoeffer's actions exemplify the struggle against authoritarianism.
164
According to **Freud**, what is essential for maintaining order in society?
People repressing their anti-social instincts
## Footnote
Freud believed that repression is crucial for the development of the conscience.
165
What does Freud believe about the role of **religion** in developing the super-ego?
Religion encourages repression
## Footnote
Freud saw this repression as useful for developing the super-ego.
166
Why does Freud think the **Christian belief system** has become less useful?
Secular society is more useful for enabling self-control
## Footnote
Freud argued that society should outgrow religion.
167
What is one problem with the **religious idea of conscience** according to Freud?
Can justify anything, including bad acts
## Footnote
Freud criticized the flexibility of religious teachings in justifying immoral actions.
168
What trend does Freud observe regarding **secularism**?
Secularism is rising, leading to less influence of religion
## Footnote
This trend makes religious teachings on conscience less relevant.
169
How does Freud view beliefs about **original sin** and corrupt human nature?
Methods to deal with natural instincts, causing suffering
## Footnote
He believed these beliefs lead to more immorality.
170
What does Freud say about a **forgiving God** and motivation for following religious rules?
Does not provide motivation; people slide back into sin
## Footnote
This undermines the effectiveness of religious social rules.
171
Why are many people unhappy according to Freud?
Controlled by social rules
## Footnote
He argued that religious authority resembles that used for children.
172
What does Freud argue about the purpose of **rules** in society?
Reduce suffering, but actually cause more
## Footnote
This leads to resentment against civilization.
173
What alternative approach does Freud suggest for social rules?
Autonomy
## Footnote
Autonomy encourages acceptance of social rules with flexibility.
174
How does Freud describe the impact of **religious rules** on society?
Pressurizing and seem eternal and unchanging
## Footnote
This lack of flexibility can be detrimental to societal progress.
175
How does **Aquinas' Natural Law** address Freud's criticisms?
Engaging reason with God's law to flourish
## Footnote
Aquinas believed this approach allows for a more flexible understanding of moral rules.
176
Who argues that Freud is wrong to maintain that there is **no conscience**?
Richard M. Gula
## Footnote
Gula believes conscience should be separate from the super-ego.
177
What does the **super-ego** consist of according to Richard M. Gula?
* 'should'
* 'should-nots'
## Footnote
These elements belong to society.
178
According to Richard M. Gula, what do the **'wants'** of the conscience belong to?
Us
## Footnote
The conscience looks to us to exercise responsible freedom.
179
Who presents a more **positive role for religion** compared to Freud?
Karl Gustav Jung
## Footnote
Jung sees some aspects of religion as positive and liberating for personal development.
180
What does Jung argue about Freud's focus on his **sick patients**?
Freud is too focused on their problematic upbringing and anxiety towards religion
## Footnote
Jung believes this perspective limits Freud's understanding of religion.
181
What is Enrich Fromm's view on the **super-ego** and the conscience?
They are completely separate things
## Footnote
Fromm recognizes they can be linked but concludes they should be treated separately.
182
According to Enrich Fromm, what does our **conscience** allow us to do?
Assess how good we are as a human by evaluating our behaviour
## Footnote
This contrasts with Freud's rejection of conscience.
183
What does Enrich Fromm want people to have regarding **moral values**?
A sense of meaning in their lives
## Footnote
He advocates for moral values that people own for themselves.
OCR RS Ethics
flashcards
Decks in class (2)
# Cards
