People whose friends and family all voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016 expected that most people would vote for her and that she would win,
and were shocked when she lost, because:
- False Consensus Effect: they believed others would do as they did
- Reasonable Person Standard: they believed the reasonable thing to do was vote the way they were voting
Someone offers you $50 to make a prank phone call to your professor. Whether you accept the offer or not, you are likely to believe that someone else in your situation would make the same choice. What concept does this illustrate?
False Consensus Effect
Jackie has just finished playing in her soccer game and goes to the sidelines to talk to her friends, who came to see the game. She says to them, “I was so embarrassed during the first half when I tripped on my shoelace!” Her friends tell her they didn’t
even notice, and Jackie is surprised. What concept best explains Jackie’s thought process?
Spotlight Effect
Why do we misunderstand ourselves and others?
- We are unaware of the processes that influence subjective construal
- We rely on poor theories of what other people’s subjective
construals look like - We are naïve realists, most of the time
Immediate experience (pre-reflective consciousness)
-Pre-reflective consciousness : Just taking in everything as it happens like watching a movie, you’re just watching it as it happens
- Automatic construal
- perceptual, visual, auditory
- feels like reality, a lot of processes going on simultaneously (sining songs while driving)
Stream of consciousness (- All the experiences of your life passing by
Reflective consciousness
-planned thought, a logical reflective thought
if it rains, the game will probably be cancelled
- you are able to plan out a thought
- quality of “aboutness”, able to refer to something beyond yourself
- only one controlled process at a time you pull something out and examine it carefully
False Consensus Effect
You think others will think in the same way that you do
Cognitive Dissonance
the discomfort a person feels when their behavior does not align with their values or beliefs
Reasonable Person Standard (Carins Law)
Using yourself as a reference point for what is reasonable
Controlled Process
- require effort to complete this task
- involve awareness
- interfere with other processes
ex. counting backwards
cognitive load
determines whether something is conscious or not
if i tell you to recall a 9 digit number then name a red square then its an automatic process
*but, rehersing a number while listening to a video, you will require more cognition to recall them
Utilitarian
doing whats best for the largest number of people
Non-utilitarian
social-emotional response, what benefits you
Theory of mind
Understanding that others’ thoughts and feelings are different and separate from your own
Spotlight Effect
You think that everyone is looking at you and judging you
