How do we articulatorily classify consonants? Give a brief description of each.
- place-where speech sounds are produced
- manner-how speech sounds are produced
- voicing-whether or not the vocal folds vibrate
What are characteristics of resonant (sonorant) consonants? and what are they?
- vowel-like
- nasals, liquids, glides
- resonance throughout the entire vocal tract
What are the articulatory characteristcs of non-resonant (obstruent) consonants? and what are they?
- minimal vocal resonance
- stops, fricatives, affricates
- resonance anterior to obstruction
- voiced have two sound sources: obstruction and vocal folds
Draw the consonant chart
What does “place” mean?
where speech sounds are produced
What does “manner” mean?
HOW speech sounds are produced
What does “voicing” mean?
-whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating
What are the 8 cognate pairs?
/p/ & /b/ “paper boy”
/t/ & /d/ “to do”
/f/ & /v/ “free vase”
/s/ & /z/ “see zoo”
/k/ & /g/ “keep going”
/ʃ/ & /ʒ/ “shoot fusion”
/tʃ/ & /dʒ/ “choose fudge”
/θ/ & /ð/ “thank that”
What is the manner of articulation for a stop and what are they?
- formed by a complete closure of the vocal tract
- aiflow is temporarily blocked
- air pressure builds up behind the point of closure
- release produces a stop burst or plosive
- velo pharynx is closed in order for oral pressure to build
- closing and opening movements are the fastest movements in speech
- three phases to a stop: closure-hold-release
7 stop consonants:
- /p/-pop
- /b/- bob
- /t/-tot
- /d/-did
- /k/-cake
- /g/-go
- /ʔ/-mounʔn
What is the Manner of articulation for nasals? and what are they?
- Comple oral closure
- open velopharynx so voicing energy travels through the nose
three nasals:
/m/-“man”
/n/-“no”
/ŋ/-‘ring”
What is the manner of articulation for fricatives and what are they?
- a sound produced with a narrow constriction through which air escapes with a continuous noise
- articulators form the narrow constriction and air pressure builds up behind the constriction
- velopharynx is closed
- Stridents vs. Nonstridentsa) Stridents: /s/,/z/,/ʃ/, /ʒ/
b) Nonstridents: /f/,/v/,/θ/, /ð/,/h/
9 fricative consonants:
/f/-fan
/v/-van
/s/-sun
/z/-zip
/h/-hat
/ʒ/-pleasure
/ʃ/-ship
/θ/-thin
/ð/-that
what is the manner of articulation for affricates and what are they?
- combination fo stop closure and fricative
- two affricates:
/tʃ/-chin
/dʒ/-fudge
What are the articulatory characteristics of liquids and what are they?
-vowel like consonant with voicing energy constricted only slightly more than vowels
alveolar /l/ liquids produced with midline closure and lateral opening for sound
palatal /r/ liquids are produced in two primary ways:
- a. tongue tip curled and held up
- b. tongue based bunched up against palate/velum
2 liquids:
/l/-like
/r/-red
What are the articulatory characteristics of glides? and what are they?
- semivowels
- constriction of the vocal tract narrower than for vowels
- always prevocalic (they always come before a vowel)
- gliding motion from constricted to open
- /w/ velar glide similar to position for /u/
- /j/ palatal glide similar to position for /i/
two glides:
- /w/- wise
- /j/-yes
which consanants are considered semi vowels?
the glides of /w/, and /j/
and some phoneticians say the liquids of /l/, and /r/
What articulators are involved with bilabial sounds?
upper and lower lips
what articulators are invovled with labiodental sounds?
lower lip and upper central incisors
what articulators are involved with dental sounds?
tongue apex and teeth
what articulators are involved with alveolar sounds?
tongue apex and alveolar ridge
what articulators are involved with velar sounds?
back of tongue and velum
what articulators are invovled with glottal sounds
vocal folds
what articulators are involved with lingual sounds?
tongue
What happens to nasalized vowels?
a. Vowels adjacent to nasals pick up nasal murmur on first formant.
b. Vowels adjacent to nasals lose strength in F2 and F3
How can voiced stridents be distinguished from voiceless stridents?
an area of continuous noise energy is present at the bottom of the spectogram—the turbulence is being “pulsed” by the voicing source
