Constipation

Question 1

Symptoms of Constipation?

Answer 1

• having hard, dry stools less frequently than a person’s normal bowel habits
  ○ 2-3 times a day or 1-2 times a week
• abdominal pain
• bloating
• nausea

Question 2

when to refer with constipation?

Answer 2

1.overuse
2.misuse (weight loss)
3.weight and appetite loss
4.red, black , bloody stool
5. weight gain, lethargy, dry skin (hypothyroidism)
6. certain drugs can cause constipation

Question 3

gastric carcinoma?

Answer 3

When cells in the lining of the stomach grow uncontrollably and form a tumor.

Question 4

haemorrhoids?

Answer 4

Haemorrhoids are swollen veins around your bottom. They can cause pain, itching, bleeding, or a small lump

Question 5

gastric ulcer?

Answer 5

A gastric ulcer is a sore or open wound that forms on the lining of the stomach. The stomach’s protective layer gets damaged, often due to stomach acid

Question 6

hypothyroidism

Answer 6

thyroid gland (a small butterfly-shaped gland in your neck) isn’t making enough thyroid hormones.

Question 7

opioid analgesics

Answer 7

are strong pain-relieving medicines that work by attaching to special receptors in your brain and nervous system to reduce how you feel pain

Examples:
Morphine
Codeine
Oxycodone
Fentanyl

Question 8

hyoscine?

Answer 8

is a medicine that helps relax muscles and reduce spasms, especially in the gut and stomach.

It’s often used to:
Treat stomach cramps and pain
Help with motion sickness and nausea
Relax the bladder muscles in some conditions

It works by blocking certain nerve signals that cause muscles to contract.

Question 9

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 9

are a common type of antidepressant medicine.

They work by increasing the level of serotonin (a brain chemical that affects mood) in your brain, which helps improve mood and reduce anxiety.

Examples include:
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Sertraline (Zoloft)
Citalopram (Celexa)

Question 10

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Answer 10

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are an older type of antidepressant medicine.

They work by increasing the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, like serotonin and noradrenaline, which help improve mood.

Examples include:
Amitriptyline
Nortriptyline
Imipramine

are called “tricyclic” because their core molecular structure consists of three rings of atoms

Question 11

iron

Answer 11

Iron is a mineral that your body needs to make red blood cells. Iron supplements are used to treat or prevent iron deficiency anemia.

Question 12

chlorphenaramine

Answer 12

is an antihistamine medicine used to relieve allergy symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, itching, and hives.

-causes constipation

Question 13

antihistamine

Answer 13

Antihistamines are medicines that block the effects of histamine, a chemical your body releases during allergic reactions

Question 14

Bendroflumethiazide

Answer 14

Bendroflumethiazide is a type of medicine called a thiazide diuretic (or “water tablet”). It helps your body get rid of extra salt and water through urine.

Question 15

propranolol

Answer 15

Propranolol is a medicine called a beta-blocker. It works by slowing down your heart rate and lowering your blood pressure.

Question 16

aluminun-containing antacids

Answer 16

medicines that neutralize stomach acid to relieve heartburn, indigestion, or upset stomach.

Question 17

Heartburn

Answer 17

It happens when stomach acid flows back up into the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach (oesophagus).

Question 18

verapamil

Answer 18

is a medicine called a calcium channel blocker.

It works by relaxing the muscles of your heart and blood vessels, which:

Lowers blood pressure
Makes it easier for the heart to pump
Helps control irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias)
Can relieve chest pain (angina)
It’s sometimes also used for migraine prevention

Question 19

Treatment for constipation?

Answer 19

1st: manage secondary cause, increase fruit & fiber, water. exercise and dont rush poop time
2nd: use bulk-forming laxatives, can take 2-3 days
3rd: switch laxative or add stimulant laxative

Question 20

bulk-forming laxatives

Answer 20

are medicines that help you poop by making your stool bigger and softer.
They contain fiber-like substances that absorb water in the bowel, which:
Makes stools easier to pass
Helps keep bowel movements regular

Question 21

ispaghula

Answer 21

Ispaghula (also called psyllium husk) is a natural bulk-forming laxative made from the seeds of the Plantago ovata plant.
It works by absorbing water in the gut, which swells the husk and makes stools softer and bulkier — helping relieve constipation and keep bowel movements regular.

Question 22

Methylcellulose

Answer 22

Methylcellulose is a bulk-forming laxative made from plant fiber. Made in a lab

Question 23

Sterculia

Answer 23

Sterculia is a genus of trees whose seeds produce a natural fiber called Sterculia gum or karaya gum.
This gum is a natural bulk-forming laxative — it absorbs water in the gut, swells, and helps soften stools to relieve constipation.

Question 24

Why use of bulk-forming laxatives (ispaghula, methylcellulose, sterculia) not recommended if opioid induced

Answer 24

That’s because opioids slow down gut movement, and bulk-forming laxatives need enough gut activity and fluids to work properly. Without that, they can make constipation worse or even cause blockages.

if you’re taking opioids (like morphine or codeine) — which often cause constipation by slowing down your gut — then bulk-forming laxatives (like ispaghula, methylcellulose, sterculia) aren’t the best choice to treat that constipation.

Question 25

peristalsis

Answer 25

Peristalsis is the wave-like muscle movement that happens in your digestive system (like your esophagus, stomach, and intestines It helps push food, liquid, and waste along through your gut so they can be digested and eventually passed out of your body.

Question 26

Osmotic laxatives

Answer 26

Osmotic laxatives are a type of medicine that help relieve constipation by drawing water into the bowel. This extra water softens the stool and makes it easier to pass

Question 27

Osmotic meaning?

Answer 27

It’s called osmotic laxative because it works through osmosis — a natural process where water moves from an area of low concentration of particles to an area of high concentration through a membrane.

Question 28

macrogols

Answer 28

Macrogols (also called polyethylene glycol or PEG) are a type of osmotic laxative. They work by holding water in the bowel, which softens the stool and makes it easier to pass.

Question 29

Lactulose

Answer 29

Lactulose is a type of osmotic laxative made from two sugars: galactose and fructose. It isn’t digested in the small intestine, so it reaches the large intestine mostly unchanged. There, gut bacteria ferment it, producing acids and gases.

Question 30

Stimulant laxatives

Answer 30

Stimulant laxatives are medicines that help relieve constipation by stimulating the muscles of the bowel to contract more and push stool along. They work faster than bulk-forming or osmotic laxatives and are often used when quick relief is needed or when other laxatives haven’t worked well.

Question 31

Senna

Answer 31

Senna is a natural stimulant laxative made from the leaves and pods of the Senna plant. It works by irritating the lining of the bowel, which encourages the muscles to contract and move stool along more quickly.

Question 32

Bisacodyl

Answer 32

Bisacodyl is a stimulant laxative that helps relieve constipation by stimulating the muscles in your intestines to push stool out. It usually comes as tablets or suppositories and works within 6 to 12 hours (tablets) or faster if used as a suppository

Question 33

Sodium picosulfate

Answer 33

It works by activating the nerves in the large intestine, which makes the muscles contract and helps move stool along. Because it’s a prodrug, it only starts working once it reaches the colon, which helps reduce side effects in the upper digestive tract.

Question 34

prodrug

Answer 34

A prodrug is a medication that’s given in an inactive or less active form and then converted into its active form inside the body — often by enzymes or bacteria.

Question 35

Glycerol suppositories

Answer 35

Glycerol suppositories are a type of laxative used to relieve constipation. They’re small, solid, bullet-shaped tablets made from glycerol that you insert into the rectum.

Question 35

intestinal mucosa

Answer 35

The intestinal mucosa is the innermost lining of the intestines (both small and large intestines).

Question 36

Docusate sodium

Answer 36

It works by helping water and fats mix into the stool, making it softer and easier to pass. Unlike stimulant laxatives, it doesn’t cause the bowel muscles to contract more; it just helps make stools less hard and dry.

Question 37

senokot definition and how to take it

Answer 37

Senokot is a brand name for a stimulant laxative containing senna as the active ingredient. -by stimulating the bowel muscles to help move stool along. Dosage: tablets and liquid adults & children > 12 = 1-2 tablets ( 7.5mg ) at bedtime or 1 tab max strength (15mg) Syrup: adults and children >12 = 1/2 5ml spoonfuls (7.5mg or 15mg) of syrup at bedtime Information for ages 12 to 17 Only give senna that you buy to a young person aged 12-17 years if a DOCTOR or PHARMACIST recommends it. Takes 8 hours to work, take it with or without food. Drinks lots of water. Dont take it longer than a week. Never take 2 doses at the same time or take extra dose.

Question 38

Dulcolax (bisacodyl)

Answer 38

Dulcolax is a brand name for bisacodyl, a stimulant laxative.by stimulating the muscles of the intestines to cause a bowel movement. dosage: Tablets: adults & children (>12yrs) = 5-10mg, at bedtime Supp: one 10mg in the morning (works in 10-45 mins) take with or without food, DONT take with dairy, and DONT take with meds to reduce stomach acid like PPIs

Question 39

Fybogel (ispaghula husk)

Answer 39

Fybogel is a brand of bulk-forming laxative. Its main ingredient is ispaghula husk (also called psyllium husk), a natural fiber that absorbs water in your gut and swells to make stools bigger and softer.

Question 40

DulcoEase

Answer 40

Laxative, makes it easier to pass stool by acting as surfactants, allowing water and fats to penetrate the stool, softening it

Question 41

Normacol

Answer 41

Normacol is a brand of bulk-forming laxative, usually containing ispaghula husk (psyllium) or similar natural fiber.

Question 42

Califig

Answer 42

Califig is a brand of bulk-forming laxative that usually contains ispaghula husk (psyllium), a natural fiber.

Question 43

counselling points for constipation?

Answer 43

healthy diet - whole grains, fruits/veggies gradual increase in fiber lots of water no stimulant laxatives for preggies senna will darken pee color (yellow-brown to red)

Question 44

what may tarry black or bloody stool indicate?

Answer 44

hemmirhoids, ulcer or carcinoma

Question 45

what happens if u overuse stimulant laxatives?

Answer 45

can result in loss of muscular activity , damage to the nerve plexus in the bowel wall, movement will be restricted and leads to greater risk for constipation

Question 46

constipation, weight gain, lethargy, coarse hair, dry skin may suggest?

Answer 46

hypothyroidism

Question 47

How and when to take Fybogel

Answer 47

comes as sachets of plain, orange- or lemon-flavoured granules. adults and children (>12) =1 sachet 2x a day children 6 - 11yrs = half to 1 level (5ml) tsp 2x a day for children (<5) – half to 1 level (5ml) tsp 2x a day, only if recommended by a doctor

Question 48

how to take and when: Dulcoease (docusate sodium)

Answer 48

adults & children (>12) = 1-3x a day but fo not exceed 5 tablets, max 500 mg children <12 = not recommended

Question 49

how to take lactulose syrup

Answer 49

adults – 15ml, taken 2x as a starting dose children 5-17 yrs = 5-20ml, taken 2x a day children 1-4 yrs = 2.5-10ml, taken 2x a day babies aged 1 -11 months = 2.5ml, taken twice a day