What methods of construction are you aware of?
- Steel frame
- Concrete frame
- Solid wall
- Cavity wall
- Timber frame
How would you determine a building’s age?
- Architectural cues / materials used
- Construction plans
- Building regulations approval
- Ask client
When was the Tudor period?
1485 - 1603
How would you identify a Tudor building?
- Exposed timber frame with brickwork and/or stucco facade
- Steeped pitch roof with multiple gable ends
- Timber decorative casement windows
When was the Georgian period?
1714 - 1837
How would you identify a Georgian building?
- Symmetrical appearance arrange over 2 or 3 storeys
- Flemish brickwork bonding (solid walls)
- Sash windows (large windows on ground and first floor with smaller windows on second floor).
- Bricked up window openings due to a window tax
- Hipped tiled roof and paired chimney’s
- Parapet (Small wall built around round to give a rectangular appearance)
When was the Victorian period?
1837 - 1901
How would you identify a Victorian building?
- Solid walls
- Decorative roof ridge
- Bay windows
- Virtually no garden (cramped)
- Internally long and thin (usually one room wide)
When was the Edwardian period?
1901 - 1910
How would you identify an Edwardian building?
- Mock tudor timber cladding (usually at the top of the house)
- Large windows
- Red brickwork
- Some had cavity walls, but most were still solid brick
When did cavity walls become popular?
1930’s
When did cavity walls become popular?
Started to appear in Edwardian buildings, but became popular in the 1930’s.
When were concrete pantiles first used?
1920’s, but failed to take off.
What is stretcher bonding?
Rows of stretchers of a brick interlocking with each other.
What is flemish bonding?
Made by alternately laying stretchers and headers in a single course.
What is english bond?
Alternating course of stretchers and headers.
What is header bond?
Rows of headers - often used to create curved brickwork.
What are the four types of foundation?
- Strip
- Raft
- Piled
- Pad
What determine the foundations to be used?
- Ground conditions
2. Size of building and loadings required
What does a steel portal frame look like?
A skeleton like frame which consists of series of steel columns and pitched rafters that are connected by steel purlins.
It is then infilled with cavity brick / block walls or profiled steel sheet cladding.
What does a concrete frame look like?
Skeleton frame which consists of a series of concrete columns and concrete beams.
Concrete frames generally have more columns, lower floor heights and a shorter span between columns.
