What are the building regulations?
Impose a duty on those who design and construct buildings to ensure health, safety and high standards
Applied to refurb if substantial
16 approved documents
Examples of surveys
- Refurbishment and demolition (R&D) survey
- CCTV survey
- Existing site survey
Types of asbestos
- Chrysotile (white asbestos, the most common)
- Amosite (brown asbestos)
- Crocidolite (blue asbestos)
(all can cause asbestosis / lung cancer)
Asbestos regulations
- Blue and brown banned in 1985, white banned in 1999
Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012
Important considerations when deciding whether to develop on Greenfield or Brownfield sites
- Planning
- Infrastructure / services
- Unknown ground conditions
- Sustainability
Ground investigations
- Window sampling
- Trial pits / trenches
- Sonic drilling
- Rotary boreholes
What is required before completing demolition / strip out works?
- R&D survey
- Structural RAMS
- Planning
- Pre-construction information
Methods of demo?
- Explosives
- Hand demo
- Machine demo
What is substructure?
- Supports superstructure
- Below ground level
- Basement / foundations
- Transfers load
NRM Inclusions:
- Foundations
- Lowest floor construction / basement
- Basement retaining walls
- MEP services relating to above
What is the superstructure?
The part of the building above ground level supported by the foundations
NRM inclusions:
- Frame
- Upper floors
- Roof
- Stairs and ramps
- External walls
- Windows and external doors
- Internal walls and partitions
- Internal doors
What should be considered when deciding on the right type of foundations for your project?
- Size of building
- Ground conditions
- Wind loads?
- Surrounding area
Types of shallow foundations?
- Strip
- Raft
- Pad
- Trench
Type of piles / pile walls? What costs to consider?
Piles = replacement (friction) / displacement (end-bearing)
Pile walls - contiguous, secant, sheet piling
Costs = piling mat, rig, pile, reinforcement, testing, cap
What is underpinning?
Strengthening existing foundations
Types = Mini piled, beam and base, mass concrete
How can you waterproof a basement?
Tanking
Structural protection
In-situ concrete floors?
- Flat slab
- Ribbed / waffle slabs
- Beam and slab
Pre-cast concrete floors?
- Hollowcore
- Composite hollowcore
- Beam and block
What floors were used on Tolowrth?
Composite structural floor
- Metal decking
- Rebar
- In-situ concrete
Raised access floor components?
Panels and pedestals
UFH layers
Slab DPM Insulation UFH coils Screed Finish
Methods of core construction?
Jump form
Slip form
Components of a steel frame
Beams
- I Beam
- Angles
- Channels
- Joists
- Hollow sections
Fixings:
- End plate (holes for bolts predrilled in column / beam and end plate ensuring accurate fixing)
- Fin plates
- Column to column spliced – bolted connection
- Column Bases
- Bracing Connections
- Embedment plates – for connecting to concrete
- Special connections
- Splice plates (used to weld small and larger columns together) which are bolted to the top column and welded to the lower column
- Angle cleat / angle seating
Fire protection:
- Intumescent paint
- Concrete encasement
- Boarding / casing
Pro’s and con’s of steel frame
Pros
- Strength and durability
- Speed of construction
- Good tensile strength
Cons
- Fire protection needed
- Expensive
- Rust
Pro’s and con’s of concrete frame
Pros
- Fire resistant (still needs protection)
- Good in compression
- Flexibility with shape casting
Cons
- Poor in tension
- Time taken to construct
- Needs reinforcement
