What is constructivism’s arrival in IR associated with?
- The end of the Cold War
- An event that traditional theories e.g. realism + liberalism, failed to account for
Why did realism and liberalism fail to account for the end of the Cold War? (2)
- State-centric nature
- It was the actions of ordinary people that ensured the end of Cold War, not those of states or international organisations
How does constructivism see the world? (2)
- Constructivism sees the world, and what we can know about the world, as socially constructed
- Actors continually shape the nature of ir
What did constructivist Alexander Wendt illustrate? (2)
- Illustrates the social construction of reality
- 500 British nuclear weapons less threatening to US than 5 North Korean WMDs
Why does the US find North Korean WMDs more threatening? (4)
- Identifications not caused by nuclear weapons (the material structure)
- But rather by the meaning given to the material structure (ideational structure)
- Shared understanding of each other’s intentions forms basis of state’s interactions
- WMDs by themselves do not have any meaning unless we understand social context
What do Alexander Wendt’s findings demonstrate about constructivism? (3)
- That constructivists go beyond material reality by including the effects of ideas + beliefs on world politics
- That reality is always under construction, which opens up prospect for change
- Thus meanings are not fixed but can change over time depending on ideas + beliefs that actors hold
How are agency and structure mutually constituted? (2)
- Structures influence agency
- Agency influences structures
What is structure?
Refers to the international system that consists of material and ideational elements
What is agency?
The ability of someone to act
Can the US and North Korea have a friendly social relationship?
Why does this differ from a realist perspective? (4)
- Currently, the intersubjective structure (the shared ideas and beliefs among states) is one of enmity
- But the US and North Korea are actors who have agency to change this social relationship, if they are willing to change beliefs and ideas held by their states
- This stance differs from realists, who argue that anarchy determines behaviour of states
- Constructivists argue that anarchy is what states make of it
What are identities?
Identities are representations of an actor’s understanding of who they are, which in turn signals their interest
What do constructivists argue about identities?
- States can have multiple identities
- That are socially constructed through interaction with other actors
Why is the identity of a small state different to that of a large state? (3)
- The identity of a small state implies a set of interests different from those implied by the identity of a large state
- Small state is arguably more focused on its survival
- Whereas the large state is concerned with dominating global political, economic + military affairs
Why should the actions of a state be aligned to its identity?
A state can not act contrary to its identity because this will call into question the validity of the identity, including its preferences
What are social norms?
A standard of appropriate behaviour for actors with a given identity
What is the logic of appropriateness? (3)
- States that conform to a certain identity are expected to comply w. norms associated with that identity
- Expectation that some kinds of behaviour and action are more acceptable that others
- Logic of appropriateness: where actors behave in certain ways as they believe that this behaviour is appropriate
What is the lifecycle of norms?
A norm only becomes expected behaviour when a critical mass of relevant states adopt it and internalise it in their own practices
Why is climate change an example of the lifecycle of norms? (4)
- Constructivists argue that the bulk of states have come together to develop climate change mitigation policies
- Because it is the right thing to do for the survival of humanity
- This has, over decades of diplomacy and advocacy become an appropriate behaviour
- That the bulk of citizens expect their leaders to adhere to
Why would liberals and realists reject climate change mitigation policies?
Liberals: In favour of continued economic growth + pursuing innovative scientific solutions
Realists: Due to damage climate policies may do to short-term national interests
What are the key tenets of conventional constructivists? (5)
- POSTIVIST EPISTEMOLOGY
- Ask ‘what’-type questions, e.g. what causes an actor to act
- Explain world in causal terms + interested in relationships between actors, social norms, interests + identities
- Assume actors act according to their identity
- Investigate which factors caused particular aspects of a state’s identity to change
What are the key tenets of critical constructivists? (4)
- INTERPRETAVIST EPISTEMOLOGY
- Ask ‘how’-type questions, e.g. how do actors come to believe in a certain identity
- Not interested in the impact of identity
- Language plays a key role for critical constructivists, because it constructs + has ability to change, social reality
Where do most constructivists position themselves?
Position themselves on a continuum between these two more extreme ends of the spectrum
Where is Bhutan?
A Buddhist kingdom located in the Himalayas
What are the material structural conditions of Bhutan?
- Population
- Economy
- Military
- Borders
- Geographically sensitive?
- Population: 745,000
- Weak economy
- Small military
- Shares national border w. two major powersL China in north, India in south
- Geographically sensitive as Bhutan serves as buffers between these two rival major powers
