coordination and response

Question 1

electrical impulses are carried by

Answer 1

neurones

Question 2

two parts of mammalian nervous system + description

Answer 2

• central n.s (CNS): brain + spinal cord
• peripheral n.s (PNS): network of nerves that lie outside CNS

Question 3

role of nervous system

Answer 3

coordination + regulation of bodily functions

Question 4

sensory neurone

Answer 4

sense organ to CNS

Question 5

relay neurone

Answer 5

make connection between sensory and motor in CNS

Question 6

motor neurone

Answer 6

CNS to effector organ

Question 7

reflex arc

Answer 7

path travelled by impulse to bring action
- stimuli detected by receptors
- carried as impulse from sensory to relay in CNS
- to motor across another synapse
- motor transmits to effector organ
- response occurs

Question 8

reflex action

Answer 8

automated response to a stimulus

Question 9

synapse

Answer 9

junction between two neurons

Question 10

synapse vesicles hold

Answer 10

neurotransmitters

Question 11

neurotransmitters bind to

Answer 11

receptor proteins

Question 12

events at synapse

Answer 12

• impulse triggers release of neurotransmitters form vesicles into gap
• they diffuse + bind to complementary receptor proteins on next neurone
• impulse stimulated on next neurone

Question 13

synapse ensures that ____

Answer 13

impulses travel in one direction only

Question 14

sense organ

Answer 14

group of receptor cells responding to a specific stimuli

Question 15

cornea

Answer 15

refracts light

Question 16

iris

Answer 16

controls how much light enters

Question 17

lens

Answer 17

focuses light on retina

Question 18

retina

Answer 18

contains light receptors

Question 19

optic nerve

Answer 19

carry impulse to brain

Question 20

pupil in bright light + muscles involved

Answer 20

• circular muscles contracts
• radial muscles relax
• constricts

Question 21

pupil in dim light + muscles involved

Answer 21

• circular muscles relax
• radial muscles contract
• dilates

Question 22

viewing distant objects

Answer 22

• suspensory ligaments contracts
• ciliary muscles relax
• lens gets thinner
• less refraction

Question 23

viewing near objects

Answer 23

• suspensory ligaments relax
• ciliary muscles contract
• lens gets fatter
• more refraction

Question 24

rods

Answer 24

• night vision
• light sensitive

Question 25

cones

Answer 25

- color vision (RGB) - more than rods at fovea - sharper image

Question 26

blind spot

Answer 26

no rods or cones

Question 27

hormone

Answer 27

chemical substance produced by a gland + carried by blood which alters the activity of one or more target organs

Question 28

adrenal glands

Answer 28

adrenaline

Question 29

pancreas

Answer 29

insulin + glucagon

Question 30

ovary

Answer 30

oestrogen

Question 31

testes

Answer 31

testosterone

Question 32

adrenaline is secreted during

Answer 32

"fight or flight" situations

Question 33

effects of adrenaline during fight or flight

Answer 33

increased: - breathing rate - heart rate - pupils dilate

Question 34

adrenaline can also increase

Answer 34

- blood glucose con.

Question 35

differences of nervous and hormonal control

Answer 35

- hormonal has lasting effect, nervous has short-lived - hormonal has slow response, nervous has quick response

Question 36

homeostasis

Answer 36

maintenance of a constant internal environment

Question 37

insulin function

Answer 37

decrease blood glucose concentration

Question 38

negative feedback is

Answer 38

keeping in range

Question 39

when blood glucose high

Answer 39

insulin brings level back to normal by stimulating: - conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver

Question 40

when blood glucose low

Answer 40

glucagon brings level back to normal by stimulating: - conversion of stored glycogen into glucose + released into blood

Question 41

treatment of type 1 diabetes

Answer 41

regular insulin injections

Question 42

overheating

Answer 42

- vasodilation - sweating - erector muscles relax

Question 43

overcooling

Answer 43

- vasoconstriction - shivering - erector muscles contract - reduced sweating

Question 44

vasoconstriction

Answer 44

- blood vessels (arterioles) in dermis constrict - less warm blood flows near surface (capillaries) - less heat lost by conduction + convection + radiation

Question 45

sweating

Answer 45

sweat evaporates taking latent heat so body cools

Question 46

erector muscles relax

Answer 46

hairs lie flat and can't trap air layer so heat lost

Question 47

shivering

Answer 47

contractions in muscles and limbs generate heat

Question 48

erector muscles contract

Answer 48

hair stands upright trapping layer of air which is bad conductor so less heat loss

Question 49

gravitropism

Answer 49

response where plants grow toward / away from gravity

Question 50

phototropism

Answer 50

response where plants grow toward / away from direction of light source

Question 51

auxin in phototropism

Answer 51

- made in tip of the shoot - diffuses + accumulates on dark side - stimulates cell elongation on dark side so grows faster - tip points toward light

Question 52

auxin gravitropism

Answer 52

- made in tip of the root - accumulates on horizontal lower side - slows cell growth on that side - tip points toward gravity