Biology > Coordination And Response (General) > Flashcards

Coordination And Response (General) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two systems that control the actions of organisms and allow them to respond

A

Nervous system
Hormones

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2
Q

What detects stimuli (general)

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

What happens when the nervous system detects stimuli

A

A response

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4
Q

What does a response do

A

Making a muscle contract
Or glands release substances

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5
Q

What are effectors

A

A muscle or gland that carries out a response to a stimulus

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6
Q

Two types of effectors

A

Muscles
Glands

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7
Q

What is a neurone

A

Nerve cell

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8
Q

What is a nerve

A

Collection/ bundle of neurones (tissue)

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9
Q

What are the three types of neurones

A

Sensory
Relay (intermediary)
Motor

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10
Q

Another name for relay

A

Intermediary

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11
Q

What does sensory neurone do

A

Transfers nerve impulses from receptor to CNS

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12
Q

What is CNS

A

Central nervous system

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13
Q

What does the receptor do

A

Detects stimuli

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14
Q

Where is the relay neurone found

A

In CNS

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15
Q

What does relay neurone do

A

Passes nerve impulse from sensory neurone to motor neurone

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16
Q

Which neurone is in middle of other two neurones

A

Relay between sensory and motor

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17
Q

What does motor neurone do

A

Sends nerve impulse from CNS to effector

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18
Q

Where is the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

What is the coordinating centre

A

The CNS

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20
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

All nerves/neurones outside CNS.

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21
Q

Job of peripheral nervous system

A

Connects body to the CNS

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22
Q

Which neurones are in CNS

A

Sensory

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23
Q

Which neurones are in PNS

A

Relay
Motor

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24
Q

Label motor neurone

A

Ok

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25
Label sensory neurone
Ok
26
Label relay neurone
Ok
27
4 components of neurones
Cell body Dendron / denrites Axon Myelin sheath
28
Function of cell body
Contains nucleus
29
Function of Dendron/dendrites
Extensions of the cell body which carry nerve impulses towards cell body
30
Function of axon
A long extension of the cell body which carries impulses away from the body
31
Function of myelin sheath
Fatty material insulating cell extensions. Speeds up rate of transmissions of electrical impulses
32
What are reflex actions
Rapid, automatic responses to a stimulus to protect the body from harm, or to perform basic body functions.
33
What do reflex actions not involve
Conscious part of the brain
34
Examples of reflex actions
Flinching Blinking when something in eye Closing eyes when sneezing
35
What is a stimulus
A change in external or internal environment
36
What is a receptor
A receptor in a sense organ detects the change and generates a nerve impulse, which passes along a sensory neurone into the CNS
37
What is a coordinator
Relay neurones take the impulse through the CNS, passing it on to the correct motor neurone
38
What is an effector
A motor neurone takes the impulse out of the CNS to the correct AC effector organ (muscles, glands)
39
What is a response
A reaction happens
40
Difference between reflex and voluntary actions
Middle stage Reflex: impulse passes straight from relay n to CNS to motor n Voluntary: impulse goes to brain
41
What is slower reflex or voluntary
Voluntary
42
Why is voluntary action slower than reflex
Has to go extra distance to the brain slowing down reaction time
43
Why doesn’t reflex actions go to brain
Slows down so could cause harm because too slow
44
Label reflex arc
Ok
45
Where do the impulses enter the CNS from
Dorsal root
46
What neurone connect with relay neurones which connects to motor neurones
Sensory
47
What root does motor neurones emerge from the spinal cord
Ventral root
48
Why do motor neurones emerge from the spinal cord through the ventral root
To send impulses to effectors
49
What is the middle part of the spinal cord called
Grey matter
50
What does the grey matter mainly consist of
Neurone cell bodies,
51
Why is grey matter grey
All the neurone cell bodies
52
What is the outer part of the spinal cord called
White matter
53
Why is it called white matter
Contains many axons with their fatty myelin sheaths
54
What are impulses that travel along a neurone caused by
Movements of ions (charged particles) in and out of a cell
55
What is a synapse definition
A gap between 2 neurones
56
How many nerve cells are in the CNS
Billions- they all have links with many others
57
How are synapses crossed
By chemicals (neurotransmitters), that generate a nerve impulse in neighbouring neurone
58
Another name for chemicals in synapses
Neurotransmitters
59
Label synapse diagram
Ok
60
First step of what happens in synapses
Nerve impulses arrives from axon of first neurone
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Second step of what happens in synapses
Vesicle with neurotransmitter fuses with membrane.
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Third step of what happens in synapses
Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic gap
63
Fourth step of what happens in synapses
Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors on membrane of second neurone.
64
Fifth step of what happens in synapses
Impulse started in second neurone
65
Sixth step of what happens in synapses
Neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes
66
Where are the enzymes that break down neurotransmitters found
Synaptic cleft
67
What is the neurotransmitter broken down into by enzymes
Component parts
68
What happens to the component parts of broken down neurotransmitters
Taken back into presynaptic neurone to be reassembled into neurotransmitter molecules, to be used again
69
In the brain how many other neurones does a neurone form synapses with
Thousands of other (infinite number of nerve pathways)
70
What do synapses allow
Output of one cell to be a result of the inputs of many nerve cells adding together
71
Synapses __ information in the CNS
Integrate
72
Why do reflex actions happen so quick
Has fewer synapses to pass= faster response
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