Q: What is coordination?
A: The process by which different parts of the body work together to produce an appropriate response to a stimulus.
Q: What is a stimulus?
A: A detectable change in the internal or external environment.
Q: What is a receptor?
A: A specialised cell or sense organ that detects a stimulus.
Q: What is an effector?
A: A muscle or gland that brings about a response.
Q: Sequence of a coordinated response?
A:
Stimulus → Receptor → Coordinator (CNS) → Effector → Response
Q: Define homeostasis.
A: Maintenance of a constant internal environment despite external changes.
Q: Examples of homeostasis in humans?
A:
Body temperature control
Water balance
Blood glucose regulation
Q: What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)?
A: Brain and spinal cord.
Q: How does transmission across a synapse occur?
A:
Electrical impulse reaches synapse
Neurotransmitter released
Chemical diffuses across gap
New impulse generated
Q: Function of the CNS?
A: Processes information and coordinates responses.
Q: What are neurones?
A: Specialised cells that transmit electrical impulses.
Q: What is a synapse?
A:The junctions (gaps) in between them
Relay neurone
Relay neurones (also known as intermediate neurones) are found inside the CNS and connect sensory and motor neurones
Sensory neurone
Sensory neurones carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS (brain or spinal cord)
Motor neurone
Motor neurones carry impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)
Q: Why is transmission across synapses one-directional?
A: Neurotransmitters are only released from the presynaptic neurone.
Q: What is a reflex action?
A: A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus without conscious thought.
Q: Advantage of reflex actions?
A: Protect the body from harm by producing fast responses.
Q: Reflex arc pathway?
A:
Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory neurone → Relay neurone → Motor neurone → Effector → Response
Q: Example of reflex action?
A: Withdrawal of hand from a hot object.
Q: What is accommodation?
the change of shape of the lens, in order to focus on objects at different distances
Q: Function of the eye?
A: Detects light and converts it into nerve impulses.
Q: Focusing on distant objects:
Ciliary muscles relax
Suspensory ligaments tighten
Lens becomes thinner
Less refraction
Q: Focusing on near objects:
Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments slacken
Lens becomes thicker
More refraction
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enzymes20
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multicellular or single celled21
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Food tests4
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characteristic of living organisms- Topic 19
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cells and organisation- topic 225
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Movement in and out of cells- topic 313
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variety of life -topic 416
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Biological Molecules & Diet- topic 513
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Enzymes and the digestive system- topic 627
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respiration-topic 79
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Gas exchange-topic 89
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Plant Nutrition-Topic 912
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Plant Transport + Gas exchange- Topic 1037
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Human transport- Topic 1138
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Excretion - Topic 1225
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Coordination & Response - Topic 1335
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The Functions of the Eye - Topic 1313
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Human hormones - Topic 138
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characteristics of living organisms19
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Eukaryotic Organisms17
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Pathogens14
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cells and there organisation26
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Movement in and out of cells22
