1
Q
Situational Analysis
A
What has happened, what can be done
Prioritise
2
Q
Approaching the Casualty
A
Never put yourself at risk
3
Q
Priority Assessment Procedures
A
DRSABCD
4
Q
Danger
A
- To yourself,bystander and the victim
- From cars, petrol, electrical poles
- Switch on hazard lights, warm oncoming vehicle, divert traffic
- Provide
5
Q
Response
A
- Squeeze their shoulder, ask them questions
- If they are unresponsive move onto the next step
6
Q
Send for Help
A
- Call 000
- Get bystanders to do this, make sure they come back
7
Q
Airways
A
- Clear airways
- Inhale Air
8
Q
Breathing
A
- Look, Listen, Feel
- If not breathing get them onto a flat surface
9
Q
Compressions
A
- Begin CPR 30:2, to ensure oxygen flows to vital organs
- Continue until help arrives
10
Q
Defibrillator
A
Use if available
11
Q
What does STOP stand for?
A
- Stop
- Talk
- Observe
- Prevent Further Injury
12
Q
PER?
A
Pressure, Elevation, Rest
13
Q
Bleeding whats happening?
A
- Blood loss from artery - fast flowing and bright red
- Blood loss from vein - slower flowing and darker red
- Blood loss from capillary - slow oozing
14
Q
Bleeding Steps?
A
- PER (Pressure, Elevation, Rest)
- DRSABCD
- DIrect Pressure
- Lay casualty down and elevate injury
- Nil by Mouth
- Loosen tight clothing
- Seek medical advice
15
Q
Shock due to?
A
- Blood loss
- Fluid loss (burns, dehydration)
- Heart Attack
- Being involved in an accident
16
Q
Shock Symptoms?
A
- Paleness
- Clammy skin
- Weak, rapid pulse
- Shallow, rapid breathing
- Nausea, faintness
17
Q
Shock Steps?
A
- DRSABCD
- Reassure patient
- Seek medical advice
- Dress wounds
- If no suspect fractures of the leg, raise legs above level of heart
- Loosen tight clothing
- Keep casualty comfortable
18
Q
Neck and Spinal Injury Symptoms?
A
- Pain at or below injury
- Loss of movement
- Lack of movement below site of injury
- Tingling of hands and/or feet
19
Q
Neck and Spinal Injury Steps when conscious?
A
- Reassure them
- Loosen tight clothing
- Do not move them
- Dress wounds
- Seek medical attention
- Monitor
20
Q
Neck and Spinal Injury Steps when unconscious?
A
- DRSABCD taking particular care when moving them
21
Q
Moving the casualty
A
- Dont move unless extremely necessary
- If moving is essential follow DRSABCD first
- If casualty is conscious, talk to them and tell them what you are doing
22
Q
Medical Referral, send the casualty to hospital is:
A
- CPR was required
- Patient was unconscious at some stage
- Heart attack
- Neck/spinal injuries suspected
23
Q
Care of Unconscious Casualty
A
- DRSABCD
- When breathing returns, roll into recovery position
- Support the neck
- Protect from weather
- Keep warm
- Nil by mouth until medical assistance arrives
- Collect details about injury
24
Q
Cut and Laceration Symptoms?
A
- Scraped skin
- Incisions
- Deep Wound
25
Cut and Laceration Steps?
- DRSABCD
- Cleanse
- Apply dressing
- Control bleeding using pressure
- Seek medical attention
26
Fracture Symptoms?
- Sounds of bones breaking
- Pain at the site
- Swelling and Deformity
- Tenderness
- Loss of power
- Difficult to achieve normal range of movement
27
Fracture Steps?
- DRSABCD
- Control Bleeding
- Immobilize with sling or splints
- Observe for shock and treat if necessary
- Seek medical attention
28
Dislocations Symptoms?
- Swelling
- Discolouration
- Pain
- Deformity
- Tenderness
- Inability to mover
29
Dislocations Steps?
- DRSABCD
- Support
- Apply Ice
- Elevate if possible
- Seek medical attention
30
Head Injuries and Concussion Symptoms?
- Blurred Vision
- Loss of memory
- Headache
- Change in size of one pupil
- Bleeding from nose or ears
- Abnormal response to commands
31
Head Injuries and Concussion Steps?
- DRSABCD
- Support head or neck
- Keep airways open
- If conscious, lay in the lateral position
- Do not apply pressure to a bleeding head if skull fracture is suspected
- Seek medical attention
32
Eye Injury Symptoms?
- Irritation to the ye
- Watering
- Redness
- Pain to the eye itself
- Inability to open
33
Eye Injury Steps?
- Rubbing & removal of embedded objects must be avoided
- Lay in the lateral position
- Cover both eyes
- Seek medical attention
34
Nasal Injuries Symptoms?
- Pain
- Swelling
- Deformity
- Bruising
35
Nasal Injuries Steps?
- Instruct to breathe through mouth
- Blowing the nose should be avoided
- Apply pressure with the index finger and thumb to the soft part of the nose just below the bone
- Assume sitting position with head and shoulders leaning forward
- Apply pressure for 10 minutes or until bleeding stops
- Seek medical attention
36
Burn Injuries Symptoms?
- Severe pain
- Possible Swelling
- Redness
- Blistering
- Shock
37
Burn Injuries Steps?
- Remove casualty from the danger or the danger from casualty
- DRSABCD
- Hold burnt area under cold running water
- Remove jewelry and clothing only if it is not stuck to the skin
- Seek urgent medical attention
38
Teeth Injuries Symptoms?
- Bleeding from the mouth
- Dislodged tooth
- Swelling
39
Teeth Injuries Steps?
- If tooth has been loosened keep it in place
- Control bleeding
- Seek immediate dental advice
- If tooth has been knocked out, re-implant and splint to an adjacent tooth using aluminum foil if possible. If not place in milk or clean with the casualty’s saliva and seek urgent dental assistance. Most teeth can be saved if the root is not handles, hygiene is observed and attention is immediate
40
Electrocution Symptoms?
- Unconsciousness
| - Electrical wires may be visible
41
Electrocution Steps?
- DRSABCD
- Cool burnt area under cold running water
- Seek urgent medical attention
42
Cramps Symptoms?
- Involuntary muscle spasm
- Pain
- Feeling of local muscular tightness
43
Cramps Steps?
- Stretch the cramping muscle
- Increased fluid intake
- Gently massage
44
Chest Injury Symptoms?
- Pain, usually on breathing and coughing
- Difficulty in breathing
- Tenderness when touched
45
Chest Injury Steps?
- Place in a comfortable position
- Encourage shallow breathing
- Pad the injured area
- Seek urgent medical attention
46
Abdominal Injury Symptoms?
- Shock
- Pain in the region
- Nausea or possibly vomiting
- Difficulty in breathing
- Possible blood in the urine or coming from the anus
47
Abdominal Injury Steps?
- DRSABCD
- Loosen clothing in the area (i.e. belt)
- Lie patient on back. Slightly elevate shoulders & bend knees
- Nil by mouth
- Seek urgent medical attention
48
Heart Attack Symptoms?
- Discomfort in the middle of the chest
- Possible pain in arm and neck
- Irregular pulse
- Shortness of breath
- Shock
49
Heart Attack Steps?
- DRSABCD
| - Seek urgent medical attention
50
Stroke Symptoms?
- Slurred speech
- Blurred vision
- Pupils may be irregular in size
- Loss of movement
- Possible seizures
- Possible loss of consciousness
51
Stroke Steps?
- DRSABCD
| - Seek urgent medical attention
52
Diabetes prior to treatment symptoms?
- Lost body weight (despite increased appetite)
- Increased urination
- Increased thirst and hunger
- Irritability
- Aggressiveness
- Possible palpitations
53
Diabetes prior to treatment steps?
- Meals at regular intervals
- Eat complex carbohydrates opposed to simple carbohydrates
- Regular exercise
- Appropriate timing of insulin
- Avoid large amounts of fat
54
Hypoglycaemia (Low Blood Sugar) Symptoms?
- Rapid pulse
- Profuse sweating
- Trembling
- Hunger
- Aggression
- Dizziness
55
Hypoglycaemia (Low Blood Sugar) Steps?
- DRSABCD
- Seek urgent medical help
- Do not attempt to give glucose or drink to an unconscious patient
- If conscious, administer glucose and drink as required
56
Hyperglycaemia (High Blood Sugar) Symptoms?
- Rapid pulse
- Drowsiness, possibly progression to unconsciousness
- Thirst
- Smell of acetone breath
- Need to urinate frequently
57
Hyperglycaemia (High Blood Sugar) Steps?
- DRSABCD
- Seek urgent medical help
- If conscious, allow the self-administration of insulin
58
Epilepsy Symptoms?
- Rigid body
- Tightened jaw
- Some mouth frothing
- Possible loss of bladder control
- Loss of consciousness
59
Epilepsy Steps?
- DRSABCD
- Place in lateral recovery position
- Remove dangerous objects
- During sleep, ensure the airway is fully open and that they’re breathing
- Check pulse
- Seek medical advice
60
Asthma Symptoms?
- Tightness in chest
- Sweating and paleness
- Fast, shallow and breathing
- Hunched body posture
- Excessive throat clearing
- Labored breathing
- Difficulty in exhalation
- Increase in pulse rate
- Wheezing noises
61
Asthma Steps?
- Reassure the person
- Assist the person
- Monitor breathing
- Provide water for them to drink
- Encourage controlled breathing and relaxation
- Seek medical advice if their condition deteriorates
62
Poisoning Symptoms?
- Headache
- Blurred vision
- Vomiting
- Breathing difficultly
- Drowsiness
- Abdominal pain
- Tight chest
- Breath smells of fumes or other odours
- Possible change in skin colour
- Nausea
63
Poisoning Steps?
- Reassure the person
- Assist the person
- Monitor breathing
- Provide water for them to drink
- Encourage controlled breathing and relaxation
- Seek medical advice if their condition deteriorates
64
Bite and Sting Symptoms?
- Marks
- Headache
- Double vision
- Rapid pulse
- Drowsiness
- Swelling
- Tight chest
- Sweating
- Change in body temperature
- Nausea
- Vomiting
65
Bite and Sting Steps?
- DRSABCD
- Reassure the person
- Apply pressure
- Bind to prevent venom traveling through blood stream
- Seek medical advice
66
Exposure to Heat and Cold Symptoms?
- Rapid, weak pulse
- Clammy, pale skin
- Headache
- Profuse sweating
- Fatigue
- Extreme thirst
- Dilated pupils
- Loss of coordination
67
Exposure to Heat and Cold Steps?
- DRSABCD
- Rest in cool, shaded area
- Provide cool water
- Apply ice to head, neck and other areas
- Seek medical attention
68
Traffic Accidents?
- Check for danger
- Call 000
- Turn of engine
- Stop oncoming traffic
- DRSABCD as appropriate
69
Water Environment?
Check for danger, if clear
- Reach
- Throw
- Wade
- Row
- Swim
- Tow
70
Electricity?
- Check for danger
- Contact 000
- Stay at least 6 meters away from power lines
71
HIV/AIDS
- Transmitted through exchange of bodily fluid
72
Blood Borne Viruses
- Hepatitis B and C affect the liver
| - Passed through transfer of bodily fluids
73
Legal Implications?
- Care in assessing the priorities of the situation based on their training
- Call for medical assistance
- Keep casualty stable until help arrives
- Follow DRSABC
- Don't take unnecessary risks (never put yourself in danger to help)
74
Moral Obligations?
- Learning DRSABCD
| - Could you walk past an incident if you knew you could help
75
Commonsense vs Heroics
- Know your personal limitations
- Do not over extend yourself
- Ensure your own safety before going to help
76
Debrifing
- Gathering information about the circumstances surrounding the incident (why was first aid administered)
- Important to remember to take your time (so everything is recalled)
- Make your description as accurate as possible
- Remain impartial
77
Counseling
- Incidents can be traumatic
- Seek counseling to come to terms with what has happened
- If not done people can suffer from depression and anxiety
