Sample of Piliavin
4,450 men and women in the carriage over the 103 trials
Mean number per carriage was 43
Racial composition of a typical carriage was about 45% black and 55% white
Sampling method of Piliavin
Opportunity - people available at the time (in the carriage)
Sample of Bandura
72 children from Stanford University Nursery
36 boys, 36 girls
Ages 37-69 months (3-6yrs)
Mean age was 52 months (4 yrs 4 months)
Sample of Chaney
32 children
22 boys, 10 girls
Aged between 1 1/2 and 6 yrs (75% over 3 yrs)
From 7 clinics, on avg they had asthma for 2.2 yrs
Experimental design of Chaney
Repeated measures design
Type of experiment - Chaney
Field experiment
How was data obtained - Chaney
Self report
How sample was obtained - Chaney
They were recruited on a random basis from 7 paediatrician or GP clinics.
Clinics were within a 51km radius from Perth, Western Australia
Sample of Lee
China: 120 overall Gender equally split in each age group, 7, 9 and 11 yrs - 40 in each group Canada: 108 overall Aged 7: 20 males, 16 females - 36 Aged 9: 24 males, 16 females - 40 Aged 11: 14 males, 24 females - 32
4 Independent variables - Lee
- Ethnicity of child (chinese or canadian)
- Age (7, 9 or 11 yrs)
- Type of story (social or physical)
- Pro-social or anti-social settings
Four types of stories - Lee
- Pro-social setting - truth-telling (physical and social) stories
- Pro-social setting - lie-telling (physical and social) stories
- Anti-social setting - truth-telling (physical and social) stories
- Anti-social setting - lie-telling (physical and social) stories
Sample of Moray
12 ppts, undergraduate students and research workers of both sexes
Independent variables - Moray
whether instruction within a rejected passage:
- was preceded by the ppt’s name (affective)
- was not preceded by the ppt’s name (non-affective)
4 aims of Piliavin
- to see if type of victim affected helping behaviour (ill expected to be helped more than drunk)
- to see if there was any tendency towards same-race helping (expected there would be)
- to investigate the impact of modelling in emerency situations
- to examine the relationship between size of group (diffusion of responsibility) and frequency + latency of the helping response with a victim who was both seen and heard
Quantitative results from Piliavin
over the 103 trials, the victim was helped 62 times out of the 65 ill trials and 19 times out of the 38 drunk trials
the medium latency for ill trials was 5 seconds and 109 seconds for the drunk trials.
there were 81 spontaneous first helpers - 90% were male
on 21 of 103 trials, 34 ppts left the critical area
Qualitative results from Piliavin
More comments made in drunk trials than ill trials
women said things like;
“it’s for men to help him.”
“I wish I could help him, I’m not strong enough.”
“I never saw this kind of thing before - I don’t know where to look.”
“You feel so bad that you don’t know what to do.”
Conclusions from Piliavin
- Ill individual more likely to receive help than drunk individual
- Men are more likely to help than women
- Some tendency for same-race helping, especially if victim appears drunk
- Help comes quickest in greatest numbers when more witnesses present (no diffusion of responsibility)
- The model had less impact on behaviour of others the longer an emergency continued without help. More likely individuals would leave the immediate area.
What were the 4 teams made up of and what were the 4 model conditions?
4 teams made up of the victim, model and two observers (all female) - 3 white victims and 1 black victim - all male
4 model conditions: critcal area - early, critical area - late, adjacent area - early, adjacent area - late
What ethics did Piliavin break?
Consent - opportunity sampling so no consent given
Debriefing - didn’t fully break it but didn’t tell people what was happening
Deception - they thought the victim actually fell and was actually ill and drunk
Protection from harm - could’ve felt guilty for not helping
Withdrawal - couldn’t withdraw as it was still recorded
What ethics did Piliavin uphold?
Protection from harm - victim assured they were alright at the end and no one was physically harmed
Withdrawal - ppts could have left the train/carriage
Confidentiality - no names were given/published
what is the triad of impairments? (3 groups)
difficulties with social communication (may not read facial expressions, tone of voice or understand jokes or sarcasm)
difficulties with social interaction (may stand too close to another person or starting up a convo out of the blue)
difficulties with social imagination (may find it hard to predict what might happen next or to anticipate danger)
what are first order theory of mind tests
these test the ability of the participant to work out the thoughts than another person might have
what are second order theory of mind tests
these test the ability of the participant to work out the thoughts that another person might have about the thoughts of someone else
sample of baron cohen
group 1 - 16 ppl with high-functioning autism or Asperger syndrome. All of normal intelligence. Mean age of 28.6 years. 13 males and 3 females.
group 2 - 50 normal adults (25 male, 25 female). Assumed to have intelligence in the normal range. Mean age of 30 years. From general population of Cambridge.
group 3 - 10 adults with Tourette syndrome (8 male and 2 female). Normal IQ range. Mean age 27.77 years.
