1
Q
what documents must be on board for every flight
A
AROWJIL
cert of airworthiness
cert of registration
poh
weight and balance
insurance
licence/medical
2
Q
what does the certificate of registration tell you
A
owner / address
registration
model/serial number
purpose
3
Q
how long is the CoR valid? what invalidates it
A
valid unless ownership/purpose changes
CoR becomes invalid when the plane is destroyed or out of service permanently
4
Q
how long does the owner of an aircraft have to notify TC of a change of address
A
7 days
5
Q
what is the procedure with respect to the CoR when the plane is sold to a new owner?
A
new ownership = you must fill out the back of the CoR and give it to TC within 7 days
6
Q
how long is the original certificate of airworthiness valid
A
valid as long as the plane is being maintained to specific standards
7
Q
what temporarily invalidates the CoA
A
MAPS
Maintenance
ADs
Poh
Snags
accident
8
Q
how often must the CoA be re-validated
A
re-validated by doing the maintence required
for commercial aircraft, it’s re-validated according to the manufacturers instructions, usually every 50h
9
Q
how is the CoA re-validated
A
do calander maintenance items (pitot/static, compass, ELT)
submitting the annual airworthiness report doesn’t affect actual airworthiness of the plane
10
Q
is a CoA issued for an amateur-built aircraft?
A
no, those planes are given a flight permit
11
Q
what does the basic empty weight BEW include
A
weight of standard plane (airframe, engine standard equipment, unusable fuel, oil) + optional equipment
12
Q
what is maximum takeoff weight
A
max weight approved for the start of the takeoff run
13
Q
compare max takeoff weight vs max ramp weight
A
max ramp weight = full fuel
max takeoff weight = slightly less than max ramp weight because some of the fuel would’ve already been used for start
14
Q
difference between normal and utility categories
A
normal = max weight and normal cruise flying, ex. steep turns and spins prohibited
utility = for flight training with some restrictions
15
Q
is the aircraft airworthy if the plane is overloaded
A
no because ur not following POH
16
Q
how often does a plane have to be re weighed
A
if a in weight of more than 2% of the empty weight has occurred OR if the change in weight can’t be easily measured (repainting the plane)
17
Q
who creates the original weight and balance report
A
manufacturer
18
Q
what important information is written on the original weight and balance report that won’t be found anywhere else
A
date the plane was manufactured
unusable fuel
full oil
19
Q
does the journey log have to be carried on board for each flight
A
only when ur landing at another airport
20
Q
air time vs flight time
A
air time = wheels up/down
flight time = hobbs on/off
21
Q
are inspections based on air time or flight time
A
air time
22
Q
what type of inspection schedule are spectrums planes on
A
commercial - 50, 100, 50, 200
23
Q
if the inspection was due at 1080h, can you fly the aircraft beyond that time?
A
yes if maintenance gives it a 10h extension that’s written in the journey log
24
Q
if a snag is reported in the remarks section of the journey log, can you fly the plane? is it airworthy
A
no you can’t fly the plane bc an unresolved snag makes it unairworthy. you can only fly the plane again when the AME signs off or if it got deferred
25
how often do you do a compass swing
annually
26
when is an ELT required on board
when ur flying farther than 25 NM from base
27
how often does the ELT need to be certified
once a year
28
how long is an ELT battery good
2yr
29
what time can you check of the ELT is operational
first 5 min of UTC hour for no more than 5 sec
30
with respect to the journey log, what should you check before departing on a xc
u won’t go over the hours above next inspection
31
how often do you check pitot-static system
2yr
32
once a journey log is filled, how long must it be retained
at least 1yr
33
why is the POH important
has preformance charts, emergency procedures, power settings, equipment list…
34
what documents must all flight crew members carry on every flight
medical
licence
radio operator certificate
35
what document tells you that your pilots licence is valid
medical
36
what class of medical is required for a CPL and how long is it valid
category 1 medical
under 40 = valid 1 yr
40 and above = valid 6 mo
37
when does ur medical expire angelica
may 1st 2026
38
how do you get a radio operators certificate and who gives it to you
write the exam before your first solo
industry canada
39
how long is the radio operators certificate valid
for life
40
where can you find information on being intercepted
CFS
TC AIM
CARs
41
does proof of insurance have to be on board for all flights
yes
42
which document lists the owner and purpose of the plane
CoR
43
what are the 4 sections of the technical logbook
airframe log
engine log
propeller log
modifications and defects log
44
can the technical log be carried on board
no it cannot be on board at the same time as the journey log
45
how long must the technical logs be kept for a plane
until the aircraft is no longer registered
46
do radio station licences be carried on board
not required in canada but are required for international flights
47
what’s the minimum day VFR equipment
MAATE
mag compass
airspeed indicator
alt
time piece
engine - oil pressure/temp, fuel gauges, tachometer/MP gauge
48
how many mins is 0.1h
6 mins
49
shuttle climb airspeed limit
310 KIAS
50
shuttle descent airspeed limit
follow max holding speeds (ex. 6000 and below = 200 KIAS)
51
engine fire on the ground
crank starter
hold brakes
if engine starts = 1700 for 2 mins
if engine doesn’t start:
full power
mixture ICO
keep cranking starter
fuel selector off
master off
mags off
check checklist
52
cabin fire
master off
close vents
fire extinguisher
vent cabin
land asap
check checklist
53
engine fire in flight
mixture ICO
fuel selector off
master off
close cabin heat/air
keep outside vent open
airspeed 100 KT
forced approach
check checklist
54
electrical fire in flight
master off
all switches off
close all vents
fire extinguisher
if fire gone: master on, slowly turn on other switches/radios, land as soon as practical
if fire remains: FA
check checklist
55
engine failure on ground
throttle idle
brake
flaps up
mixture ICO keep cranking
mags off
master off
check checklist
56
engine failure takeoff
airspeed 80 mph
mixture ICO
fuel selector off
mags off
flaps if needed
master off
check checklist
57
engine failure cruise
airspeed 80 mph
carb heat hot
pick field
check if engine has fire
cause check
mayday
passenger brief
transponder 7700
ELT ON
shutdown engine
unlatch doors
check checklist
58
wing fire
nav lights off
strobes off
pitot heat off
side slip away from burning wing
FA
59
how much fuel can we have in our tanks and how much is usable
42 gal total
38 gal usable
60
oil capacity in sump vs total
8 qt in sump
9 qt total
61
static RPM is between
2270 - 2370
62
max takeoff weight for normal vs utility
normal = 2300
utility = 2000
63
G load factor limits for normal vs utility category (with and without flaps)
normal: +3.8g -1.52g
normal with flaps = +3.0g
utility = +4.4g -1.76g
utility with flaps = +3.0g
64
what to do if you encounter ice
pitot heat on
turn around or descend to warmer altitude
cabin heat and defroster
full throttle = increase engine speed and limit ice build up on propellers
monitor RPM for intake ice
land ASAP
do not use flaps (bc turbulent flow hitting icy elevators is no bueno)
65
how to land when you have a flat main tire
approach normally and touchdown with good tire
check checklist
66
how can you tell you have a static port blockage
what can you do to fix it
ASI: slow climb and fast descent
VSI zero
altimeter frozen
pull alternate static source
check checklist
67
what do you do if the low voltage light illuminates during flight
avionics OFF
master OFF, then ON again
if light turns off, you’re good to turn avionics on again
if light stays on (ammeter discharge - battery only)
alternator off
turn off non-essential electronics (conserve battery)
land as soon as practical
check checklist
68
what to do if you see excessive charge on ammeter
alternator off
non essential electronics off
land as soon as practical
check checklist
69
landing with ice
increase landing speed
flaps RETRACTED
left window open and slip for better visibility
check checklist
70
low oil pressure and high oil temperature
use minimum power
land asap and expect engine failure
71
day VFR equipment list
MAATE
mag compass
alt
asi
time
engine gauges - tachometer/MP gauge, oil temp, oil pressure, fuel gauges
72
what type of ailerons do we have
frise = up-aileron sticks out to have more drag
differential = goes up more than down
73
describe the engine
lycoming model O320 engine that is 4 cylinder, horizontally opposed, air cooled, carbureted with a wet sump oil system
150 hp at 2700 RPM
74
describe the oil system
wet sump oil system (oil stored below engine)
the engine-driven oil pump sucks the oil from the sump to the filter (if the oil is hot, it does to the cooler first)
from the filter, oil gets sent to various engine parts and excess oil returns to the sump by gravity flow
75
how is the engine cooled
cooling the outside engine: ram air enters cowling and directed to cylinders via fins
cooling inside the engine itself: oil
76
what is the purpose of the battery
start the starter motor (which start engine)
backup if the alternator fails
77
there’s impact ice around my air intake vent, whatever shall i do
alternate air intake - from inside cowling
78
what type of carburetor do we have
up draft, float-type carburetor mounted at bottom of engine
79
what type of propeller do we have
two blade
fixed pitch
80
describe the fuel system
- fuel flows from wing tanks via gravity to the fuel selector valve, then through a strainer, to carburetor where it gets atomized, mixed with air and sent to engine
- in cold weather, fuel sent directly from strainer to primer and injected into cylinder
- fuel vents under wing and in fuel cap
- vents blocked = fuel starvation
81
tell me about the brake system
single-dick, hydraulic brake on each main landing gear wheel
connected to pilot rudder petals
82
describe the electrical system
battery = 12V, 25 amp battery
alternator = 14V, 60 amp, engine driven
power sent to systems through a split bus bar
elec system protected by circuit breakers
ammeter shows direction of current
over voltage warning light
83
what does the vacuum system power
HI and AI
84
who gives you a radio operators certificate and how long valid
industry canada and for as long as you can talk
85
how does a decrease in weight affect maneuvering speed
light plane = low maneuvering speed
- flying fast in a light plane = plane flies at low AoA
- light plane gets tossed around by gusts easier so the plane could sustain G-forces that are beyond the limit for our plane
- flying at a slower speed, we fly at a higher AoA, so if the plane gets tossed by the gusts it would reach the critical AoA/stall before going beyond the G-loading limits
86
can we fly an overweight plane
too heavy = too much load on winds = reduced TO and landing performance, longer landing roll, too much fuel consumption
87
can we fly a plane outside CoG limits
no because stability/control is compromised, reduced safety margins, structural stress (more force to sustain level flight)
88
why don’t we include oil weight on weight and balance calculations
small weight
slow consumption
so close to CoG that its effect on balance is minimal
89
standard empty weight vs basic empty weight
standard empty weight = airframe + standard equipment (engine, fluids) + un-usable fuel + oil
basic empty weight = standard + optional equipment
90
if CoG is too far aft, how does it effect flight
tail heavy
fly at lower AoA = takes longer to reach critical AoA = stalls at lower speed
unstable
hard to recover stall
91
if CoG is too far forward, how does it affect flight
nose heavy
must fly at higher AoA in cruise = more drag = reduced range and more fuel consumption
higher AoA = easy to reach critical AoA = faster stall speed
faster stall speed = faster approach speed = increase TO and landing distance
92
what are mass tabs and balance tabs for and where are they located
mass tabs = ailerons to prevent flutter
balance tabs = ends of rudder and elevator to make it easier for pilot to control
93
if you must keep carb heat hot for entire flight, what else must you do
lean mixture
94
what type of oil goes into the plane and when
first 50h =mineral oil
after = ash less detergent oil
95
brake fluid colour vs oleo/hydraulic fluid colour
brake fluid = yellow
hydraulic = red
96
what are flaps for
increase wing camber = more lift at lower AoA = fly slower and better visibility
more drag = steeper approach angle
97
tell me about the landing gear
oleo struts in main landing gear to absorb impact on landing
fixed
tricycle
front wheel steers
98
mystery vents on side of cowling are for what? and what about the small hold beside it
vents = cool avionics
hole = rain escape
99
during a climb, the ASI increases. during descent, ASI decreases. what’s wrong with it
full pitot block
100
during a climb, the ASI decreases. during descent, ASI increases. what’s wrong with it
static port block
101
when you use the alternate static source, what instruments will change and how will they read
alt = slightly higher (50ft)
vsi = momentary climb
asi = slightly faster (bc larger pressure difference)
102
weather minima for controlled airspace
3 SM day/night
500 vertical, 1 mile horizontal from cloud
500 AGL
103
what is SVFR minimum and when can you obtain it
1 SM + clear of cloud
day = arrivals and departures
night = arrivals only
104
weather minima for uncontrolled airspace below 1000 ft
2 SM day, 3 SM night
clear of cloud
500 AGL
105
weather minima uncontrolled airspace 1000 FT AND ABOVE
1 SM day, 3 SM night clear
500 vertical and 2000ft horizontal from cloud
106
how high to overfly an aerodrome if i’m not joining the circuit
1000 ft above circuit height
107
minimum altitude you can fly over a built up area
1000 ft above and 2000 ft horizontal from tallest object
108
what are magnetos and what do they do?
it’s an engine-driven electrical generator, that fires the spark plugs in the engine
this way if there’s an electrical failure, the engine can still run on its own because it’s making it’s own electrical current
109
the engine is running rough, how do we figure out what’s causing it
- carb icing? carb heat hot and full throttle
- spark plugs fouling? lean mixture
- magneto malfunction? use L or R
check checklist
110
vacuum system failure and i fly into a cloud. what do i do
use TC to keep wings level
do 180º if i enter cloud
if descent through cloud:
- full rich
- carb heat HOT
- 500-800fpm descent
- descend 70-80 KIAS
- keep hands off controls and use rudder to keep straight
check the checklist
111
my static port got blocked, what do i do
alternate static knob
airspeed correction section 5 POH
check checklist
112
my flaps are stuck what do i do
confirm visually
airspeed below 85 KT
check circuit breaker
try all flap settings
check checklist
113
as my wheels touchdown upon landing, i have a brake failure. what do i do
1. overshoot so i have time to plan and land at beginning
2. if not enough room to overshoot, flaps up, turn onto grass, turn off engine, open doors for drag
114
why are the primary and electronic buses kept separate
primary bus = instruments and systems require a lot of power
electronic bus = radios and navigation need little power and are very sensitive
- ensures the electronic bus doesn’t get overloaded
- if one system fails, the other is unaffected
115
at what point of the weight and balance chart is the plane most unstable
heavy and aft
116
what does the obstacle clearance circle (OCC) tell us on the CFS map
highest obstacle within this area + 1000ft + rounded up 100ft
117
how does the cockpit heater system work
air passes through the shroud that’s wrapped around the muffler = heats the air -> cockpit
118
what temperature do we start using a winterization kit
-7ºC
119
what’s the purpose of the ammeter
show direction of current (is it the alternator or battery that’s providing power)
120
how do you know the info from the gyro instruments is reliable
check the suction gauge
no flags
instrument check during taxi
cross reference instruments in air
121
types of HI error
baring friction + apparent preciession
122
what can happen if you run the mixture too lean
overheating and detonation
123
how does weight affect stall speed
higher weight = fly at higher AoA = reach critical AoA sooner
124
how does bank angle affect stall speed
higher bank = higher LF on wings = higher stall speed
125
what kind of flaps do we have
slotted flap
126
you’re flying a C172 as a 703 Charter, what’s the max number of hours that you can fly in a 24h period? in 28 days?
8h straight in 24h
112h in 28 consecutive days
127
can you fly a single engine charter at night
no - you can only fly a charter at night if the engine is turbine, pilot is trained and it’s approved in COM
128
what happens if you exceed the 2yr check for the pitot static system
you can't fly IFR or fly VFR in class B airspace
129
minimum night VFR equipment
MAATE +...
AI
HI
TC
VSI
OAT gauge
pitot heat
position/anti-collision lights
landing light (if have passenger)
spare fuses
instrument lights
130
how do you move the trim to adjust the nose up/down
trim down = nose up
trim up = nose down
131
does the turn coordinator show the amount of bank
no it shows rate of turn and roll
132
how to lean the mixture for best economy? best power?
best power = lean until peak RPM
best economy = lean a bit past peak
133
how can you tell if carb ice is present
apply carb heat and watch tachometer
shows decrease in RPM then increase as ice melts
134
135
what do you do if your flaps get stuck mid air? how do you trouble shoot
reduce speed to within white arc
try raising flap lever
check circuit breakers
confirm visually
go to hamilton because longer runways and better services in case of emergency
136
you’re doing a brake check mid air when the brakes fail. what do you do
go to hamilton because longer runways
when touchdown:
flaps up
doors open
mix ICO / fuel select off / mags OFF
137
you’re doing a brake check mid air when you have brake seizure. what do you do
go to hamilton because longer runways
touchdown as slow as possible:
before touchdown, add a bit of power to reduce descent rate then pull mix ICO /fuel select OFF/mags OFF
138
Vx Vy Va Vso Vs Vno Vne Vr Vg Vfe X-wind
Vx = 68
Vy = 91
Va = 115
Vso = 40
Vs = 49
Vno = 142
Vne = 179
Vr = 60
Vg = 80
Vfe = 100
x-wind = 15
139
what is the difference between Vno vs Vne
Vno = max normal cruising speed (in smooth air) within green arc
in yellow arc, can sustain structural damage bc going above load factor if you happen to hit bumps
Vne = never go beyond this speed
140
difference between actual volunteered and estimated weight and when would you use each
actual = prior to boarding (top choice if available) + 8/14
volunteered = what person says + 10lbs + 8/14
estimated = by pilot guess + 8/14
141
what is useful load vs payload
useful load = usable fuel + pilot/passengers + bags
payload = remaining load available for passengers and bags when we’ve accounted for pilot + usable fuel
142
what is the datum line
arbitrary reference point we use to measure horizontal distance for weight and balance calculations
143
what can you do if the CoG is outside limits
move passengers/bags/seat adjustment
take less fuel (may need to adjust trip itself to new airport)
144
how is TAS affected by CoG location
aft CoG = fly at low AoA = less drag = faster TAS
145
what are the regulations for flying over open water
if beyond gliding distance = life jackets
if greater than 100 NM from shore with a single-engine plane = life rafts
146
explain the difference between class E and G airspace
class E =controlled and higher weather minima
class G = uncontrolled and lower weather minima
147
scale of VNC chart
1:500 000
148
scale of VTA chart
1: 250 000
149
where can you check to see if there’s been any changes in the VNC/VTA charts
NOTAM -> CFS (in planning section)
150
IAS vs CAS vs TAS
IAS = read off ASI
CAS = IAS corrected for instrument and position errors
TAS = CAS corrected for non-standard pressure and temperature
151
magnetic variation vs deviation
variation = difference between true and mag north
deviation = compass errors
152
day VFR vs night VFR fuel requirements
day VFR = destination + 30 mins cruise
night VFR = destination + 45 mins cruise
153
when are you required to open a flight plan/itinterary
must open one when flying farther than 25 NM from base
over boarder = need flight plan
