Craft study sheet

Question 1

Atresia

Answer 1

Absence of an opening…pig pic

Question 2

Agenesis

Answer 2

Absence of organ and primordial tissue

Question 3

Aplasia

Answer 3

Absence because of failure of growth. Still have primordial tissue

Question 4

Hypoplasia

Answer 4

Failure to develop to normal size.

Question 5

Hyperplasia

Answer 5

1. Response to ext. stimulus
2. Regression with stim. Remov.
3. Normal cells
4. Organized tiss. Struct.
5. Non-clonal cell expansion

Question 6

Neoplasia

Answer 6

1. No direct stimulus needed
2. No regression with stimulus removal
3. Abnormal cells with genetic modifications
4. Effaces normal tissue
5. Clonal cell expansion

Question 7

Parenchyma

Answer 7

Neoplastic cells constituting tumor

Question 8

Stroma

Answer 8

Reactive tissue around parenchyma

Question 9

Benign tumor

Answer 9

1. Gross and microscopic non-invasive features
2. Well dileneated
3. Often have capsule
4. Expansile growth
5. Amendable to sx

Question 10

Malignant tumor

Answer 10

1. Infiltrate growth
2. Invasive and destructive to surrounding tissues
3. Metastasis

Question 11

Anaplasia

Answer 11

Lack of differentiation

Question 12

Hallmark of malignancy

Answer 12

Anaplasia

Question 13

Schirrous response (desmoplasia)

Answer 13

Abundant fibrous stroma, carcinomas

Question 14

Differentiation

Answer 14

Extent which neoplastic cells resemble corresponding normal parenchymal cells (morphologically and functionally)

Question 15

Pleomorphism

Answer 15

Variation in size and shape of cells

Question 16

Oncogenes

Answer 16

Promote autonomous cell growth in cancer cells

Question 17

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 17

Normal genes regulate cell growth and differentiation

Question 18

Oncoproteins

Answer 18

Abnormal proteins encoded by oncogene that usually inactivate regulatory processes.

Question 19

Most reliable features of malignancy

Answer 19

1. Metastasis

2. Local invasion

Question 20

Common routes of metastasis

Answer 20

1. Direct seeding of body cavities (peritoneal cavity)
2. Lymphatic spread (carcinomas)
3. Hematogenous spread (sarcomas)

Question 21

4 genetic targets

Answer 21

1. Proto-oncogenes
2. Tumor suppressor genes
3. Apoptosis regulating genes
4. DNA repair genes

Question 22

Metastatic cascade

Answer 22

1. Loosening cell-to-cell contact
2. Degradation of BM/ECM
3. Attachment to novel ECM components
4. Migration
5. Intravasation
6. Embolic spread
7. Adhesion to endothelium
8. Extravasation
9. Angiogenesis
10. Growth

Question 23

Cancer mechs of immune evasion

Answer 23

1. Growth of antigen negative variants
2. Reduction of MHC molecule expression
3. Production of immunosuppressive/immunoreg molecules

Question 24

Direct acting chemical carcinogens

Answer 24

• Require no metabolic conversion

- acylating agents

Question 25

Indirect acting carcinogens

Answer 25

-Require metabolic conversion

Question 26

Radiation carcinogenesis

Answer 26

``` UV light (sun) Ionizing radiation (x rays) ```

Question 27

Microbial carcinogenesis

Answer 27

- Chronic tissue damage and inflammation | - hepatitis; helicobacter pylori

Question 28

Paraneoplastic syndrome def

Answer 28

Symptoms occurring at sites distant to neoplasm or metastasis

Question 29

Ex neoplastic syndromes

Answer 29

1. Hypercalcemia 2. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy 3. Endocrinopathy

Question 30

Grading of neoplasms

Answer 30

Based on degree of differentiation of tumor cells