What is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
PFK-1
What is the net ATP gain of glycolysis?
2 ATP net
Which steps of glycolysis are irreversible?
Hexokinase/Glucokinase; PFK-1; Pyruvate kinase
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
What activates PFK-1?
AMP and F-2,6-BP
What inhibits PFK-1?
ATP and citrate
Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
Liver (kidney sometimes)
What is the rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis?
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Which enzymes bypass glycolysis irreversible steps?
Pyruvate carboxylase; PEPCK; F-1,6-BPase; G-6-phosphatase
What energy does gluconeogenesis require?
ATP, GTP, NADH
What hormone activates gluconeogenesis?
Glucagon
What hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis?
Insulin
What is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis?
Glycogen phosphorylase
What activates glycogen phosphorylase?
Glucagon, epinephrine, Ca²⁺
What cofactor does glycogen phosphorylase require?
Vitamin B6 (PLP)
What is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycogenesis?
Glycogen synthase
What activates glycogen synthase?
Insulin
Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?
Cytosol
What is the rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid synthesis?
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)
What molecule inhibits beta-oxidation?
Malonyl-CoA
Where does beta-oxidation occur?
Mitochondria
What is the rate-limiting enzyme of beta-oxidation?
CPT-I (Carnitine acyltransferase I)
How many acetyl-CoA molecules from a 14-carbon FA?
7 acetyl-CoA
How many beta-oxidation cycles for C14?
6 cycles
