CN I :
Name
Arises from on the brain
Type
Functional Group
Function
Results of Lesion
Sensory Ganglion
Sensory Nuclei
Motor Nuclei
Parasympathetic Ganglion
Path through Skull
Name: Olfactory
Arises from on the brain: Frontal and temporal lobe
Type: Sensory
Functional Group: SVA
Function: Smell
Results of Lesion: Anosmia
Sensory Ganglion: n/a
Sensory Nuclei: n/a
Motor Nuclei: n/a
Parasympathetic Ganglion: n/a
Path through Skull: Cribiform plate
CN II :
Name
Arises from on the brain
Type
Functional Group
Function
Results of Lesion
Sensory Ganglion
Sensory Nuclei
Motor Nuclei
Parasympathetic Ganglion
Path through Skull
Name: Optic
Arises from on the brain: Optic chiasma
Type: Sensory
Functional Group: SSA
Function: Vision
Results of Lesion:
- Anopsia, visual field deficits
- Loss of light reflex with III
- Only CN to be affected by MS
Sensory Ganglion: n/a
Sensory Nuclei: Ganglion cells of retina
Motor Nuclei: n/a
Parasympathetic Ganglion: n/a
Path through Skull: Optic canals
CN III :
Name
Arises from on the brain
Type
Functional Group
Function
Results of Lesion
Sensory Ganglion
Sensory Nuclei
Motor Nuclei
Parasympathetic Ganglion
Path through Skull
Name: Oculomotor
Arises from on the brain: Midbrain
Type: Motor
Functional Group: GVE, GSE
Function:
- (GVE) Innervate ciliary muscles, sphincter pupillae
- (GSE) Innervate superior/medial/inferior rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris
Results of Lesion:
- Diplopia, external strabismus
- Loss of parallel gaze
- Ptosis
- Mydriasis
- Loss of light reflex with III
- Dry eyes
Sensory Ganglion: n/a
Sensory Nuclei: n/a
Motor Nuclei:
- (GVE) Edinger-Westphal
- (GSE) Oculomotor
Parasympathetic Ganglion: Ciliary
Path through Skull: Superior orbital fissure
CN IV :
Name
Arises from on the brain
Type
Functional Group
Function
Results of Lesion
Sensory Ganglion
Sensory Nuclei
Motor Nuclei
Parasympathetic Ganglion
Path through Skull
Name: Trochlear
Arises from on the brain: Midbrain
Type: Motor
Functional Group: GSE
Function: Innervates superior oblique
Results of Lesion:
- Weakness looking down with adducted eye
- Trouble going down stairs
- Head tilts AWAY from lesioned side
Sensory Ganglion: n/a
Sensory Nuclei: n/a
Motor Nuclei: Trochlear nucleus
Parasympathetic Ganglion: n/a
Path through Skull: Superior orbital fissure
CN V :
Name
Arises from on the brain
Type
Functional Group
Function
Results of Lesion
Sensory Ganglion
Sensory Nuclei
Motor Nuclei
Parasympathetic Ganglion
Path through Skull
Name: Trigeminal
Arises from on the brain: Pons
Type: Both
Functional Group: GSA (V1, V2, V3), SVE (V3)
Function:
- (GSA V1) Sensation (pain, temp, light touch, 2 point discrimination, proprioception) of forehead, scalp, cornea
- (GSA V2) Sensation of palate, nasal cavity, maxillary face, maxillary teeth
- (GSA V3) Sensation of anterior 2/3 tongue, mandibular face, mandibular teeth
- (SVE V3) Innervates masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, anterior digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini (muscles of 1st pharyngeal arch)
Results of Lesion:
- (V1) Loss of general sensation in skin of forehead/scalp - Loss of blink reflex with VII
- (V2) Loss of general sensation in skin over maxilla, maxillary teeth
- (V3) Loss of general sensation in skin over mandible, mandibular teeth, tongue, weakness in chewing
- Jaw deviation toward weak side
- Trigeminal neuralgia, intractable pain in V2 and V3
Sensory Ganglion: (GSA) Trigeminal (semilunar)
Sensory Nuclei: Trigeminal sensory
Motor Nuclei: Trigeminal motor
Parasympathetic Ganglion: n/a
Path through Skull:
- V1 - Superior orbital fissure
- V2 - Foramen rotundum
- V3 - Foramen ovale
CN VI :
Name
Arises from on the brain
Type
Functional Group
Function
Results of Lesion
Sensory Ganglion
Sensory Nuclei
Motor Nuclei
Parasympathetic Ganglion
Path through Skull
Name: Abducens
Arises from on the brain: Pons, near pontomedullary junction
Type: Motor
Functional Group: GSE
Function: Innervates lateral rectus muscle
Results of Lesion:
- Diplopia, internal strabismus
- Loss of parallel gaze, pseudo-ptosis
Sensory Ganglion: n/a
Sensory Nuclei: n/a
Motor Nuclei: Abducens
Parasympathetic Ganglion: n/a
Path through Skull: Superior orbital fissure
CN VII :
Name
Arises from on the brain
Type
Functional Group
Function
Results of Lesion
Sensory Ganglion
Sensory Nuclei
Motor Nuclei
Parasympathetic Ganglion
Path through Skull
Name: Facial
Arises from on the brain: Pons, near pontomedullary junction
Type: Both
Functional Group: GSA, GVA, SVA, GVE, SVE
Function:
- (GSA) Sensation of skin of the ear, external acoustic meatus
- (GVA) Nocioceptors of nasopharynx
- (SVA) Taste of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and palate
- (GVE) Innervates lacrimal gland, nasal glands, submandibular and sublingual glands
- (SVE) Innervates muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, posterior digastric, stapedius, (muscles of second pharyngeal arch)
Results of Lesion:
- Bell Palsy
- Hyperacusis
- Pain behind ear
- Xerostomia
- Ageusia, alteration or loss of taste
- Dry/red eyes
- Difficulty saying mamama
Sensory Ganglion: (GSA, GVA, GVE) Geniculate
Sensory Nuclei:
- (GSA) Trigeminal sensory
- (GVA, GVE) Solitary
Motor Nuclei:
- (GVE) Superior salivatory
- (SVE) Facial motor
Parasympathetic Ganglion: (GVE) Pterygopalatine, Submanidbular
Path through Skull: Internal acoustic meatus
CN VIII :
Name
Arises from on the brain
Type
Functional Group
Function
Results of Lesion
Sensory Ganglion
Sensory Nuclei
Motor Nuclei
Parasympathetic Ganglion
Path through Skull
Name: Vestibulocochlear
Arises from on the brain: Pons, near pontomedullary junction
Type: Sensory
Functional Group: SSA
Function: Hearing, Balance/equilibrium
Results of Lesion:
- Sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus
- Loss of balance, vertigo/dizziness
Sensory Ganglion: Cochlear (spiral), Vestibular
Sensory Nuclei: Cochlear, Vestibular
Motor Nuclei: n/a
Parasympathetic Ganglion: n/a
Path through Skull: Internal acoustic meatus
CN IX :
Name
Arises from on the brain
Type
Functional Group
Function
Results of Lesion
Sensory Ganglion
Sensory Nuclei
Motor Nuclei
Parasympathetic Ganglion
Path through Skull
Name: Glossopharyngeal
Arises from on the brain: Medulla
Type: Both
Functional Group: GSA, GVA, SVA, GVE, SVE
Function:
- (GSA) Sensation of the skin of the external ear and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
- (GVA) Sensory to the nasopharynx, oropharynx, middle ear, carotid body, carotid sinus
- (SVA) Taste to the posterior 1 /3 of tongue
- (GVE) Innervates the parotid gland
- (SVE) Innervates stylopharyngeus (muscles of the third pharyngeal arch)
Results of Lesion:
- Loss of gag reflex with X
- Ageusia, alteration or loss of taste
- Xerostomia
Sensory Ganglion:
- (GSA) Superior glossopharyngeal
- (GVA, SVA) Inferior glossopharyngeal
Sensory Nuclei:
- (GSA) Trigeminal sensory
- (GVA, SVA) Solitary
Motor Nuclei:
- (GVE) Inferior salivatory
- (SVE) Nucleus ambiguus
Parasympathetic Ganglion: (GVE) Otic
Path through Skull: Jugular foramen
CN X :
Name
Arises from on the brain
Type
Functional Group
Function
Results of Lesion
Sensory Ganglion
Sensory Nuclei
Motor Nuclei
Parasympathetic Ganglion
Path through Skull
Name: Vagus
Arises from on the brain: Medulla
Type: Both
Functional Group: GSA, GVA, SVA, GVE, SVE
Function:
- (GSA) Sensation of skin of external ear
- (GVA) sensory to carotid body, laryngopharynx, larynx, thorax, GI tract
- (SVA) Taste to scattered fibers on the palate and epiglottis
- (GVE) Innervate thoracic and abdominal viscera
- (SVE) Innervates muscles of the palate, pharynx (via pharyngeal plexus), larynx (muscles of the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch)
Results of Lesion:
- Nasal speech, nasal regurgitation
- Dysphagia, palate droop
- Uvula pointing away from affected side
- Hoarseness/fixed vocal cord
- Loss of gag reflex with IX
- Loss of cough reflex
- Difficulty saying kakaka
Sensory Ganglion:
- (GSA) Superior vagal (jugular)
- (GVA, SVA) Inferior vagal (nodose)
Sensory Nuclei:
- (GSA) Trigeminal sensory
- (GVA, SVA) Solitary
Motor Nuclei:
- (GVE) Dorsal vagal motor
- (SVE) Nucleus ambiguus
Parasympathetic Ganglion: (GVE) Intramural
Path through Skull: Jugular foramen
CN XI :
Name
Arises from on the brain
Type
Functional Group
Function
Results of Lesion
Sensory Ganglion
Sensory Nuclei
Motor Nuclei
Parasympathetic Ganglion
Path through Skull
Name: Accessory
Arises from on the brain: Medulla (Cranial Root) and Cervical Spinal Cord (Spinal Root)
Type: Motor
Functional Group: GSE, SVE
Function:
- (GSE) Innervates trapezius and SCM
- (SVE) Innervates muscles of the pharynx (via pharyngeal plexus)
Results of Lesion
- Weakness turning chin to opposite side
- Shoulder droop
Sensory Ganglion: n/a
Sensory Nuclei: n/a
Motor Nuclei:
- (GSE) Spinal accessory
- (SVE) Nucleus ambiguus
Parasympathetic Ganglion: n/a
Path through Skull: Jugular foramen
CN XII :
Name
Arises from on the brain
Type
Functional Group
Function
Results of Lesion
Sensory Ganglion
Sensory Nuclei
Motor Nuclei
Parasympathetic Ganglion
Path through Skull
Name: Hypoglossal
Arises from on the brain: Medulla
Type: Motor
Functional Group: GSE
Function: Innervates genioglossus, hyoglossus, and styloglossus and the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Results of Lesion:
- Tongue pointing toward the same (affected) side on protrusion
- Difficulty saying lalala
- Difficulty saying t-t-t
Sensory Ganglion: n/a
Sensory Nuclei: n/a
Motor Nuclei: Hypoglossal
Parasympathetic Ganglion: n/a
Path through Skull: Hypoglossal canal
