Criteria

Question 1

Which 3 criteria apply to all diagnoses?

Answer 1

1. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
2. Not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or to another medical condition.
3. Symptoms not better explained by another mental disorder

Question 2

MDE symptoms need to be present how often and for what duration? What else do the symptoms need to be?

Answer 2

Most of the day, nearly every day during the same 2 week period.
Symptoms need to be a change from previous functioning

Question 3

How many possible MDE symptoms are there? How many need to be present? What are they?

Answer 3

9 total symptoms
5 or more must be present including at least one of the first 2 symptoms

1. Depressed mood
2. Anhedonia (diminished interest or pleasure in all or nearly all activities)
3. Appetite/Weight (increase or decrease)
4. Sleep (increase or decrease)
5. Energy (fatigue or loss of energy)
6. Psychomotor retardation or agitation
7. Concentration decreased, indecisiveness
8. Worthlessness/excessive guilt
9. Suicidal ideation (or recurrent thoughts of death)

Question 4

What is Criterion A for a Manic Episode?

Answer 4

A distinct period of abnormally and persistently
1. Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and
2. Increased goal-directed activity or energy

Lasting 7 or more days
Present most of the day, nearly every day (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary)

Question 5

What is criteria B for a manic episode

Answer 5

3 or more of the (4 if the mood is only irritable) of the following 7 symptoms:
GST PAID
1. Grandiosity
2. Sleep (decreased need)
3. Talkative
4. Pleasurable activities, Painful consequences
5. Activity (increased goal directed or psychomotor agitation)
6. Ideas (flight of)
7. Distractible

Must be present to a significant degree and represent a noticeable change from usual behaviour

Question 6

What is required for a diagnosis of Bipolar 1? What is not required?

Answer 6

A single lifetime Manic Episode

Does not require any depressive episodes

Question 7

What does mixed features indicate?

Answer 7

Can be used as a specifier for manic, hypomanic, or depressive episode of bipolar I / II

indicates the presence of both depressive and manic symptoms concurrently

Question 8

What is the criteria for a hypomanic episode?

Answer 8

1. Criterion A and B of a manic episode is met, but duration is 4 or more days (vs. 7 or more for Manic unless hospitalized)
2. Significant change from the persons’ normal behaviour, noticeable to other
3. Not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization
4. Absence of psychotic symptoms (if present automatically manic)

Question 9

If a manic episode is triggered by antidepressant use does it count as a manic episode?

Answer 9

If it continues at full criteria after the physiological effects of the antidepressant are gone, then it counts (otherwise no)

Question 10

What is needed for a diagnosis of Bipolar 2?

Answer 10

1. Meet criteria for a current or past hypomanic episode
2. Meet criteria for a current or past major depressive disorder

Question 11

Criterion A for Persistent Depressive Disorder

Answer 11

Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated either by subjective account or observation by others, for ≥2 yr

Question 12

What did Persistent Depressive Disorder used to be called?

Answer 12

Dysthymic Disorder

Question 13

Criterion B for Persistent Depressive Disorder?

Answer 13

During the depressed period of more than 2 years, experiencing 2 or more of the following
1. Appetite:Poor appetite or overeating
2. Sleep: Insomnia or hypersomnia
3. Low energy or Fatigue
4. Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
5. Low self-esteem
6. Feelings of hopelessness

Question 14

Criterion C for Persistent Depressive Disorder?

Answer 14

During the depressed period of more than 2 years the person has never been without the symptoms in criteria A and B for more than 2 mo at a time

Question 15

How many major depressive episodes are needed for at diagnosis of major depressive disorder?

Answer 15

Can be diagnosed with a single episode. If diagnosing “recurrent” then there needs to be 2 or more with at least 2 consecutive months of not meeting MDE criteria inbetween.

Question 16

Criterion E for Persistent Depressive Disorder?

Answer 16

There has never been a manic or hypomanic episode, and criteria for cyclothymic disorder have never been met

Question 17

What is Criterion A for Generalized Anxiety Disorder? How often must it occur? For how long?

Answer 17

A: Excessive Anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities (e.g., work or school performance)

Occurs more days than not
At least 6 months

Question 18

What is Criterion B for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

Answer 18

Difficult to control the worry

Question 19

What is Criterion C for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

How often/long?

Answer 19

At least 3 of the following 6 symptoms:
1. Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge
2. Easily fatigued
3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
4. Irritability
5. Muscle tension
6. Sleep disturbance

At least some of the symptoms being present more days than for for the past 6 months

Question 20

What is the diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder?

Answer 20

1. Fear of social or performance situations in which one is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others. Fear of being negatively evaluated in a way that may be humiliating, embarrassing, or lead to rejection (e.g. public speaking, initiating or maintaining conversation, dating, eating in public)
2. Feared situations are avoided or endured with intense anxiety, causing significant distress or impairment

At least 6 months

Question 21

Obsessive compulsive disorder criterion A

Answer 21

Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both

Question 22

How are obsessions defined?

Answer 22

1. Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted
2. The person attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts urges or images or to neutralize them with some other thought or action (e.g., performing a compulsion)

Question 23

How are compulsions defined?

Answer 23

1. Repetitive behaviours or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly
2. The behaviour or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation (BUT they are not connected in a realistic way to what they are supposed to neutralize or prevent, or they are clearly excessive)

Question 24

Obsessive compulsive disorder criterion B

Answer 24

the obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (e.g. take >1 h/d) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

Question 25

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Criterion A

Answer 25

exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or more) of the following ways: 1. directly experiencing the traumatic event(s) 2. witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it occurred to others 3. learning that the traumatic event(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend; in cases of actual or threatened death of a family member or friend, the event(s) must have been violent or accidental 4. experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s) (e.g. first responders collecting human remains: police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse)

Question 26

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Criterion B

Answer 26

INTRUSION (1 or more) 1. recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic event(s) 2. recurrent distressing dreams in which the content and/or affect of the dream are related to the traumatic event(s) 3. dissociative reactions (e.g. flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as if the traumatic event(s) were recurring 4. intense or prolonged psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event(s) 5. marked physiological reactions to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event(s)

Question 27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Criterion C

Answer 27

AVOIDANCE (1 or both) 1. avoidance of or efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s) 2. avoidance of or efforts to avoid external reminders (people, places, conversations, activities, objects, situations) that arouse distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s)

Question 28

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Criterion D

Answer 28

Feelings/Cognitions (2 or more) 1. inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic event(s) 2. persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations about oneself, others, or the world 3. persistent, distorted cognitions about the cause or consequences of the traumatic event(s) that lead the individual to blame himself/herself or others 4. persistent negative emotional state (e.g. fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame) 5. markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities 6. feelings of detachment or estrangement from others 7. persistent inability to experience positive emotions

Question 29

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Criterion E

Answer 29

Arousal/Reactivity (2 or more) 1. irritable behaviour and angry outbursts (with little or no provocation) 2. exaggerated startle response 3. hypervigilance 4. reckless or self-destructive behaviour 5. problems with concentration 6. sleep disturbance

Question 30

How long must symptoms persist for a PTSD diagnosis?

Answer 30

More than 1 month

Question 31

What are Cluster A Personality disorders?

Answer 31

The odd, eccentric cluster. It includes Paranoid Personality Disorder, Schizoid Personality Disorder, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders. The common features of Cluster A Personality Disorders are social awkwardness and social isolation or withdrawal

Question 32

What are Cluster B Personality disorders?

Answer 32

Dramatic/erratic - BPD - Histrionic personality disorder - Narcissistic personality Disorder - Antisocial personality Disorder

Question 33

What are Cluster C Personality disorders?

Answer 33

Anxious/inhibited (isolation, avoidance) - Avoidant Personality Disorder - Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder - Dependent Personality Disorder

Question 34

BPD Symptom Criteria

Answer 34

A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects; marked impulsivity Diagnosis requires 5+ of: IMPULSIVE 1. Impulsive (minimum of 2 self-damaging ways, e.g. sex/drugs/spending) 2. Mood/affect instability 3. Paranoia or dissociation under stress 4. Unstable self-image 5. Labile intense relationships (extremes of idealization and devaluation) 6. Suicidal gestures/self-harm 7. Inappropriate anger 8. (a)Voiding abandonment (real or imagined, frantic efforts to) 9. Emptiness (feelings of) (Note: More frequently diagnosed in females but research suggests equal gender distribution)

Question 35

General Personality Disorder Criteria

Answer 35

1. An enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture; manifested in two or more of: cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, impulse control 2. inflexible and pervasive across a range of situations 3. pattern is stable and well-established by adolescence or early adulthood (i.e. not a sudden onset)

Question 36

How many symptoms are needed for an ADHD diagnosis by type? For older adolescents and adults?

Answer 36

1. combined type: ≥6 symptoms of inattention and ≥6 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity 2. predominantly inattentive type: ≥6 symptoms of inattention 3. predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type: ≥6 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity For 17 or older, 5 or more criteria

Question 37

List the inattentive symptoms of ADHD?

Answer 37

1. Attention: Cannot sustain attention in tasks or play 2. Avoids and/or dislikes tasks that require sustained mental effort 3. Does not listen when spoken to directly 4. Fails to complete tasks 5. Disorganized 6. Forgetful 7. Loses things necessary for tasks or activities 8. Careless mistakes 9. Distractible

Question 38

List the hyperactivity symptoms of ADHD?

Answer 38

1. Fidgets, squirms in seat 2. Leaves seat when expected to remain seated 3. Runs and climbs excessively 4. Cannot play quietly 5. “On the go”, driven by a motor 6. Talks excessively

Question 39

List the impulsivity symptoms of ADHD?

Answer 39

1. Blurts out answers before questions completed 2. Difficulty awaiting turn 3. Interrupts/intrudes on others

Question 40

Explain Barkley's conceptualization of ADHD

Answer 40

ADHD is disorder of self-regulation and executive function