Loftus and Palmer
Aim: Investigating whether a memory can be affected by post-event wording of a question
Method: True experiment
Procedure: 5 groups of 9, watched 7 car crashes, describe the accident + questionnaire (how fast when the car smashed/hit etc.?)
Findings: The word used in the leading question influenced the speed estimate, highest - smashed, lowest - contacted
Yuille and Cutshall
A: Investigating whether leading questions can affect someone’s memory of an event
M: Field experiment
P: 13 eyewitnesses of a murder, after 4 months, described the scene + 2 leading Q (did they see a / the broken headlight? The / a yellow panel on the car?), rate their stress 1-7
F: 10 answered accurately to the reports (no or didn’t notice), Eyewitness testimonies are reliable
Abrams et al.
A: Investigating whether in-group identification would affect ones willingness to conform.
M: True experiment, independent measures
P: 50 students, psychology students (in-group) VS History students (out-group) at the same uni, Asch paradigm - 3 lines, match to stimulus line, 18 trials - in nine trials confederates correct responses, sat in a row
C1 - In-group public response
C2 - In-group private response
C3 - Out-group public response
C4 - Out-group private response
F: The level of conformity was highest in the public in-group response (seen as more correct), while the public conformity with the out-group was lowest.
Berry
A: Investigating the affect of ones culture on their level of conformity (prior to Hofstede)
M: Qausi
P: Inuits / Temne - traditional and transitional (western education), Scots - rural and urban, 9 lines (+1mm), match to standard line - two practice, third was correct response (most (participant culture) say these lines are equal), 4-6 wrong response (5 lines away), DV - nr of lines away from correct
R: Temne - high conformity, rice farming
Inuit - lowest, hunting and fishing
No significant diff between trad / transitional
Miranda and Matheny
A: Investigating the factors affecting acculturative stress in Latino immigrants in the US
M: Correlational, Questionnaires
P: members of two social service agencies completed questionnaires and tests to assess family cohesion, level of acculturation, acculturative stress, stress coping strategies
R: Immigrants with good english proficiency, good stress-coping strategies, strong family relationships and immigrants living in the US longer showed less acculturative stress
Many protective factors which influence acculturation
Draganski
A: Determining if learning a new skill would have an affect on the brains of participants.
M: True experiment
P: 24 volunteers, non-jugglers, MRI to establish baseline for grey matter and brain structure, randomly allocated, Exp.con - three-ball cascade routine, notify once mastered —> 2nd MRI, stop juggling —> 3rd scan after 3 months, used VBM
R: 2nd - Jugglers showed a significantly larger amount of grey matter in their mid-temporal lobe, both hemispheres, associated with visual memory, 3rd - amount of brain matter in these areas decreased
Hare
A: Investigating whether AND and EST signal gender or affect mate perception.
M: True exp, Repeated measures design, double-blind (male and female), counterbalanced
P: Het participants completed 2 computer tasks, twice on two consecutive days, putative pheromone + clove oil / clove oil, cotton ball taped under the nose, task 1 - five gender neutral face morphs (gender) / task 2 - opp. sex photos and rate attractiveness
R: no difference in both tasks
Wedekind
A: Determining if ones MHC affects mate selection
M: True exp.?
P: fem, male uni students from diff courses, noted if taking oral contraceptives, each participant was „typed” for their MHC, men wore a T-shirt for two nights, during the day kept in an open plastic bag, perfume-free detergent, soap, no deodorant / tobacco / perfume / sexual activity / spicy food
Women were asked to smell 7 T-shirts, smelling hole in a cardboard box, rank them, 2nd week after beg menstruation, nose spray for 14 days and Suskinds novel „Perfume”, 3 similar MHC / 3 different / 1 unworn T-shirt - rated intensity and pleasantness, sexiness (0-10)
R: Mens body odours rated more pleasant when they differed from the woman’s MHC AND the results were reversed when taking oral contraceptives, MHC might influence mate choice
Ronay and Von Hippel
A: Determining if men would take greater risks in the presence of an attractive female, than in the presence of a male
M: Field-exp
P: 96 young adult Australian skateboarders, 43 - male-r presence / 53 - 18yr old attractive female-researcher, between 2-6 pm, asked to do one easy and one difficult trick (50% of the time), repeated each 10 times, after a break 10 more times in the presence of M or F, F-researcher was blind to the procedure, attractiveness rated by 20 male raters viewing photos of potential r, the outcomes were coded: success, crash-landing, aborted mission (high levels - low risk taking), saliva samples (prior and throughout) - measured T levels and HR was measured by Nordic sports watches
R: In the presence of F-r - less aborted tricks, T levels were higher, no significant diff in HR, tied to intrasexual selection - making the greatest impression
Zajonc
A: To investigate whether stimulus frequency would affect the perceived attractiveness of a person.
M: True experiment
P: Students shown images of mens faces, some repeated (2, 5, 10, 25 times), rank attractiveness
R: Association between exposure and attractiveness ranking
