csec

Question 1

Suggest TWO criteria required to obtain a loan.

Answer 1

farm records
collateral

Question 2

define the term soil fertility

Answer 2

soil fertility is the ability of soil to supply the nutrients and minerals needed for healthy plant growth

Question 3

what are the factors of production?

Answer 3

land, labour, capital

Question 4

what is the meaning of gross farm income

Answer 4

gross from income is the total amount of income earned from farm activities before any expenses are taken out.

Question 5

meaning of net farm income

Answer 5

net farm income is the money left after all farm expenses are subtracted from the gross farm income

Question 6

define gross margin

Answer 6

gross margin is the difference between total income and variable costs

Question 7

define net profit

Answer 7

Net profit is what remains after all expenses have been deducted from total income.

Question 8

One benefit of having different market segments for agricultural products

Answer 8

It allows farmers to target specific customer needs, which intern can increase sales and profits.

Question 9

Define the term partial budget

Answer 9

a partial budget is a simple financial tool used by farmers to evaluate the effects of a small change in the farm business.

Question 10

Why is the gross margin important

Answer 10

It shows whether a particular crop or animal enterprise is making money and allows Farmers can compare gross margins of different enterprises to choose the most profitable one.

Question 11

Define therm trade agreement

Answer 11

A trade agreement is formal arrangement between two or more nations that outline the rules of buying and selling goods and services across their borders.

Question 12

Name thtrade agreements of CARICOM

Answer 12

1. CARICOMCanada Trade and Development Agreement
2. CARICOM–Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement

Question 13

Three advantages of trade on business

Answer 13

Trade benefits businesses by giving them access to larger markets, which increases sales opportunities. It also allows them to obtain raw materials and goods at lower costs or better quality. Additionally, trade encourages innovation and efficiency by exposing businesses to more competition.

Question 14

Two management practices that can improve egg quality

Answer 14

Measure: Use proper egg grading and sorting equipment.
Explanation: This will help Henry separate eggs by size and remove any that are cracked or damaged before packing, ensuring uniformity and better quality for the supermarket.

Measure: Improve packaging and handling methods.
Explanation: By using stronger egg trays and training workers to handle eggs gently, Henry can reduce the number of cracked or broken eggs during transport.

Question 15

What is powdery mildew

Answer 15

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects many plants. It appears as a white or gray powdery coating on the leaves, stems, flowers, or fruits of the plant.

Question 16

What is the causative agent of powdery mildew?

Answer 16

Oidium lycopersici

Question 17

Three methods that can be used to control powdery mildew in tomato

Answer 17

1. Use of Fungicides
   • Apply recommended fungicides such as sulfur-based or systemic fungicides to kill or suppress the fungus.
   
   2. Plant Resistant Varieties
      • Choose tomato varieties that are bred to be resistant or tolerant to powdery mildew.
   3. Practice Good Crop Management
      • Ensure proper spacing for good air circulation, remove and destroy infected plant parts, and avoid overhead watering to reduce humidity

Question 18

Symptoms of powdery mildew in tomato

Answer 18

1. White, powdery spots on upper and sometimes lower leaf surfaces.
2. Yellowing of leaves around infected areas.
3. Leaf curling and distortion, followed by drying and premature leaf drop.
4. In severe cases, reduced fruit size and yield due to decreased photosynthesis.

Question 19

Define the term production ration

Answer 19

A production ration is the feed given to a farm animal that supplies nutrients needed for both maintenance and production activities.

Question 20

Three advantages of primary tillage

Answer 20

1. loosens soil for better root growth
2. improves water absorption by reducing run off.
3. Mixes in crop residues and nutrients which improves soil fertility and structure.

Question 21

Three reasons to do secondary tillage before planting

Answer 21

1. Breaks up soil clumps by Creating a finer soil texture for better seed-soil contact.
   
   2. Levels the surface by Preparing an even seedbed for uniform planting depth.
   3. Controls weeds by Removing young weeds that compete with crops.

Question 22

What is the equation for gross margin

Answer 22

Gross margin= gross income-VARIABLE COST

Question 23

what is a cooperative

Answer 23

A co-operative is a legal organisation which enables its members, as a group, to
improve their economic status in a competitive society.

Question 24

name three principals of cooperatives

Answer 24

team membership- member sof the cooperative operate and manage the organization as a team.
joint membership- Each membership is a owner of the cooperative.
open membership- the cooperative is open for any person to join regardless of race,gender or colour

Question 25

Name two types of cooperatives

Answer 25

1. marketing- This is organised by its farmer members to collect, grade, package and sell their produce. 2. service-to provide shared services like transport, storage, or access to equipment.

Question 26

what is a weed?

Answer 26

A weed is any plant that is growing in an area where it is unwanted.

Question 27

One benefit of a weed

Answer 27

Weeds help to reduce soil erosion by covering and holding the soil in place.

Question 28

3 harmful effects of weeds

Answer 28

1) weeds compete with crops for nutrients such water and sunlight making growth harder. 2) Harbors pets and diseases aiding in their transmission. 3) they are costly to remove increasing production costs like labour.

Question 29

what is feed conversion ratio

Answer 29

feed conversion ratio is tool used to access the ability of an animal to convert feed into body weight

Question 30

what is the importance of FCR

Answer 30

FCR shows how efficiently animals convert feed into body weight, helping farmers reduce costs and increase profits.

Question 31

what is crossbreeding?

Answer 31

Cross-breeding is the mating of two different breeds of the same species to produce offspring with desirable traits from both parents.

Question 32

What is the function of CARICOM

Answer 32

The caribbean community carries out functions such coordinating economic policies and development plans

Question 33

What is the function of the CDB

Answer 33

The caribbean development bank carries out functions such as promoting private and public developmental projects and encouraging capital development markets in the region.

Question 34

name three management problems in a corporative.

Answer 34

1) poor leadership/management: inexperienced or corrupt leadership can misuse or make bad decisions 2)lack of member participation: some member don't want to attend meetings or take interest in the cooperative operations

Question 35

What Are Non-Conventional Farming Systems?

Answer 35

These are modern alternatives of food production that do not rely fully on traditional open-field farming.

Question 36

what does production mean mean in agriculture

Answer 36

this is the process of creating agricultural product using resources like land,labour, and capital. It includes the growing of crops or the raising of animals to create agricultural products.

Question 37

defiine marketing

Answer 37

marketing is the movement of goods from the producer to the consumer, including activite like packaging and pricing. marketing ensures product reach buyers in good condition or at a fair price.

Question 38

define Consumption in agri

Answer 38

consumption refers to the use of products to satisfy their wants and needs. in agri this refers to the eating or using of agricultural products.

Question 39

two ways to reduce the impact of inorganic pesticides on the enviroment.

Answer 39

1) use IPM which Reduces reliance on inorganic pesticides by using them only when necessary and in targeted amounts. 2)Apply Pesticides Responsibly and Safely which means Use the correct dosage, at the right time, and under proper weather conditions (e.g., avoid spraying before rain).

Question 40

how does praedial larceny affect farmers

Answer 40

1) financial loss to farmers: theft of crops or animals will reduce a farms income and profits. 2) increased disinterest: farmers may become discouraged to continue farm due to repeated theft leading to lower food supply. 3) increased security cost: farmers spend extra money to prevent theft leading increased expenses.

Question 41

what does food and nutrition security mean

Answer 41

it means that all people, at all times have access to safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and allows them to live an healthy life.

Question 42

CARDI assistance to agri organizations

Answer 42

they supply valuable agricultural research data and market information which helps farmers make better decisions.

Question 43

Fao assistance to agri organizations

Answer 43

they can train the farmer organization in leadership,marketing,record keeping and managment.

Question 44

What is irigation

Answer 44

Irigation is the artifical of water to the soil or land to assist in the growing of crops when natural rainfall is scarce