A Level Geography > CUE > Flashcards

CUE Flashcards

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1
Q

where are the main urbanised areas

A

North America (82%), Latin America, Caribbean and Europe

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2
Q

1950s suburban dream

A
  • wanted own garden
  • send children to good schools
  • escape the crime in the cities
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3
Q

Albedo

A

Measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed

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4
Q

Anthropogenic heat

A

Heat given off through human activity

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5
Q

associations of living in urban areas

A
  • higher levels of literacy and education
  • better health
  • greater access to social services
  • enhanced opportunities
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6
Q

benefits of counter urbanisation

A
  • easier to find less skilled work in the countryside
  • landowners can sell at a much higher price
  • increase in demand and profit of rural services
  • newcomers help to improve the environment eg conserve historical buildings and renovations
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7
Q

bid rent model

A
  • the further from the CBD the cheaper the price of land

- the highest footfall is more expensive (CBD, retail areas)

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8
Q

Building materials

A

Specific heat capacity for concrete is one-third of soil

- vertical buildings surface area is increased in cities so absorbs more heat and releases it at night

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9
Q

Burges model

A 
circle showing land use zoning in a city
CDB, light manufacturing, low class residential, middle class residential, exclusive residential
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10
Q

causes of the heat island effect

A
  • the presence of water
  • arrangement and height of buildings
  • pollutants
  • building materials
  • anthropogenic heat
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11
Q

consequences of urbanisation and urban growth

A
  • urban sprawl
  • shortage of houses is LICs and shortage of affordable housing in HICs
  • lack of urban services and waste disposal
  • unemployment and underemployment
  • transport issues
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12
Q

core frame model

A

spatial variation in the CBD

  • inner core - retail
  • outer core - offices, cinemas etc
  • frame - services - education, warehouses, transport, car sales etc
  • zone of assimilation - an area of gentrified building
  • zone of discard - land that is now derelict
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13
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

The movement of people and employment from major settlements to smaller settlements

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14
Q

Decentralisation

A

New investment at the edge of the city

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15
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

The loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector

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16
Q

dry points

A

areas away from the risk of flooding

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17
Q

ecological footpront

A

the total area of productive land and water required to produce the resources a population consumes and absorb the waste product

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18
Q

edge cities

A

mixed offices, residential, and leisure spaces on the outer suburbs and near main roads

  • land is cheaper
  • people travel there for work or the services
  • developed since 50s and 60s when car ownership increased
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19
Q

effects if suburbanisation

A
  • urban sprawl
  • congestion
  • air pollution
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20
Q

evidence of counter urbanisation

A
  • increase in commuter train stations
  • increase house prices in these settlements
  • increase in farm buildings being converted into housing
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21
Q

fortress landscapes/ development

A

anti-terrorist and crime prevention measure that produces a hostile urban environment

  • increase security
  • in suburban areas
  • only those with permission can entre
  • designed to give a safe environment
  • divisive - only for rich
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22
Q

gap towns

A

towns between two areas of high land

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23
Q

gentrification and gentrified areas

A

the buying and renovation of houses and stores in deteriorated urban neighbourhoods by upper or middle income families or individuals - improving property values

  • displaces poorest
  • has a large range of services
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24
Q

government policy

A

the focus of regeneration will result from government ideologies at the time

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25
Height/ arrangement of buildings
Tall buildings in close proximity - urban albedo is is lower than in rural areas - vertical surfaces reflect heat and the radiated heat gets trapped as they are close together
26
how many people live in urban areas
over half the worlds population (2014) | - it was 30% in the 50's
27
Hoyt model - 1939
based on the circles of the Burgess model but adds sectors of similar land uses concentrated in parts of the city > zones radiate out from the CBD - follows lane of main roads and railways
28
human factors of an area
- trading centre - government policy - transport links
29
hyper-urbanisation
the urban increase in the urban population is happening so rapidly that the city cannot cope with the need of the people
30
impact of urban areas on wind
``` high pressure (rural) to low pressure (urban) > downdraught effect, speed effect, downwind eddy and counter-current effect, venturi effect ```
31
inequality
the economic differences between people at a variety of scale - relative
32
Infiltration trenches
- stone filled reservoir - gradual infiltration - enable storage, filtering and infiltration - water and pollutants are moved into surrounding soil
33
liveability
the characteristics of a city, which improve the quality of life for the people living there
34
main changes to water balance in urban areas
- greater inputs from precipitation - artificially imported water - greater runoff - runoff water has poor quality - reduced evapotranspiration - reduced infiltration - less water is stored - artificial drainage systems added - more impermeable surfaces eg concrete
35
main groups that counter urbanise
- retired - long distance commuters that can afford the cost - people that work for rural firms - people that work from home
36
main reasons for deindustrialisation
- mechanisation - competition from abroad - reduce in the demand
37
Mann model
``` combines Burges and Hoyt model > high class from south west has high class housing on the south west >heavy industry found along the main lines of communication ```
38
mature gentrification
high earning private sector professionals who buy properties already improved by others
39
Mega city
Population of over 10 million
40
Millionaire city
Population of 1 million to 10 million
41
municipal waste
everyday items discarded by the public collected by public bins
42
Permeable pavement
- run off through pours pavements - filters and removes pollutants - stored underground reservoir or goes straight into sub soil - removes the need for drains and off site sewers
43
physical factors of an area
- wet points - dry points - gap towns - resources - relief
44
pioneer gentrification
purchase of rundown properties in deprived areas of the inner city
45
PLVI
Peak Land Value Interest - land value gradually decreases the further from the city centre you get - infrastructure intersection can increase footfall and therefore land value (causing peaks in value)
46
PMWC characteristics
``` Fragmentation (FANTASTIC) Globalisation (GEOGRAPHERS) Simulation (START) Beautification (BURPING) Fortification ( + FARTING) Information (IF) Gentrification (GIVEN) Decentralisation (DIET) Privitisation (PEPSI) ```
47
pollutants
both cooling and heating effect > dust and smog cools >CO2 absorbs sunlight which heats
48
Post modern western cities
An urban form associated with changes in urban structure and architectural design, reflecting the changing social and economic conditions of the late twentieth century in some western cities
49
poverty
a poor standard of living which doesn't change over time
50
precipitation in urban areas
- 5-15% more precipitation - in urban areas than rural areas - warmer air = more moisture - dust and pollution creates a condensation nuclei - less vegetation - high amount of impermeable surfaces
51
problems of counter urbanisation
- increase cost of housing means locals can't afford it - some services might be lost - the character of the place might be destroyed - social tension - traffic congestion on rural roads
52
problems that arise due to housing shortages in LICS
- informal and inadequate housing - increase in the number of people in slums - increases the deep of better basic amenities and services
53
problems that arise form a shortage of affordable housing in HICs
- increased house prices and rental costs | - seen in London where houses prices rose 50% (2010-2015)
54
pull factors
reasons to come to the city
55
pull factors to urban areas
- employment in factories and services industries - earning money in the informal sector - better quality social provisions - a perceived better quality of life
56
push factors
reasons to leave the countryside and go to the city
57
push factors to urban areas
- over-farming, soil erosion and low yields due to population growth meaning more food is needed - desertification and further agricultural problems - inadequate medical provision - wars and civil unrest - traditional rural communities have been driven off their land - increase in risk from natural disasters
58
rainfall and wind in UHI
rainfall - warm ground, warm air rises, cools and condenses (cloud formation) wind - low pressure in cities so air rises, leaving space for the cool air in urban areas to fill the gap (high pressure out of the city)
59
rates in urbanisation change
richer countries are seeing a slower rate of urbanisation as most happened in the industrial revolutions - Asia and Africa are growing the fastest at the moment
60
reasons for suburbanisation
- families moving out of the city centre - businesses have moved from the inner city to the edge - developers of houses, factories and offices prefer the edge of city location
61
reasons from city diversity
- employment opportunities - point of entry for migrants - people of the same ethnicity - specialist shops and services - tolerant of immigrants
62
relief
need for flat land for buildings
63
resources
importance for industry
64
Sky-view factor
The amount of sky we can see without our view being impeded by tall buildings
65
Social segregation
The separation of people: Self segregation - individuals take themselves away to a certain area Forced segregation - housing, services or other external factors create a segregated urban area
66
Specific heat capacity
A measure of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of material by 1C
67
Suburbanisation
Outward spread of built-up areas often at lower densities - centre to edge
68
SUDS
> water management to drain surface water sustainably
69
sustainable city
a city, which provides employment, a high standard of living, a clean, healthy environment and fair governance for all residents
70
sustainable development
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
71
Swales
- temporary water storage - reduces peak flow - allows pollutants to be filtered - encourage microbial decomposition - connect to wetlands - allow for infiltration
72
the presence of water
latent heat evaporates water | little water in urban areas so more sensible heat so atmosphere warms up
73
trading centres
areas grow as a result of trade
74
transport links
connection via road, rail, sea and air increasing the likelihood of growth
75
Urban change since 1945
> most of world’s population has less than 80% urban areas > 55% live in urban areas > largest cities in 1945 have slowed in their growth
76
urban expansion
increase in the size or geographical footprint of a city
77
Urban form
The physical characteristics that go towards making up an urban area
78
urban growth
increase in the total population of a town or city
79
Urban heat island effect
An urban ares that is significantly warmer that surrounding rural areas
80
Urban resurgence
The movement of people and employment back into city centres - occurs due to a lack of jobs in the suburban/rural areas - is an attraction to new development - it is common in past-industrial countries - new shops and services as people move back, boosting the economy - original residents can't afford to live there so are forced to cheaper areas
81
urban sprawl facts
- uncontrolled and unplanned - causes a loss in farmland and wildlife habitats - contributes to climate change (temp and flooding)
82
urban water balance
- relationship between inputs, outputs, stores | - BUT there is less infiltration and evapotranspiration
83
Urbanisation
The increase in the proportion of people who live in urban settlements
84
Venturi effect
Wind funnelled into narrow canyons created by tall buildings, speeding up as it becomes more restricted
85
wet points
areas that have a good water supply
86
wetlands
- accommodate water level change - help biodiversity - filtering aided by plants and algae - increase flood-storage capacity
87
what are the two main causes of urban growth
1) natural population growth | 2) rural to urban migration
88
why are urban areas important
- areas of economic production eg financial services - social and cultural centres - centres of political power and decision making - exchange of ideas and creative thinking
89
World city
Cities which are seen to have an important role in the global economic system
90
World city characteristics
``` > nodes in global economic system > decision making at global level > variety of international services > financial headquarters > high quality education > high % in services and information > media and communication > new ideas and innovation > manufacturing centres ```
91
urban policy and regeneration in Britain since 1979
- urban development corporations (1979-1990s) - enterprise zone (1981-present) - city challenge (1991-1997) - partnership schemes (2010-present)
92
urban development corporations (1979-1990s)
- 1979 - Uk city centres were in catastrophic decline - government created UDCs, using private sector funding to restore derelict areas - first UDC in 1981,London Docklands, aim to attract new businesses, improve environment, new jobs and housing - 1993 - 12 UDCs - criticised for ignoring local residents
93
enterprise zone (1981 - present)
- 1981 - established in areas of high unemployment - aim to attract start up companies by reducing tax - 1990 - EZs housed over 5000 companies - tax reduction caused existing companies to move to EZs which limited new jobs
94
city challenge (1991-1997)
- local authorities competed for government funding for regeneration - worked to improve physical, economic, social, environment - funding was allocated to projects that benefited the local community BUT many deprived areas received no funding - 1997 - over 50,000 jobs created, 40,000 homes improved
95
partnership schemes (2010 - present)
- 2010 - government worked with private companies - provided financial support and expertise on regeneration - designed to improve physical, economic and social conditions eg homes, parks, sports centres
96
town centre mixed development
- land use is mixed - residential, commercial and leisure uses are combined - are planned by local councils with private investment - aim to attract people back to city centres
97
cultural and heritage quarters
- focus on the history or character of a city - home to theatres, art galleries and historical buildings - often developed by local councils to regenerate former industrial areas - attract visitors, encourage economic development
98
what are the new urban landscapes?
- town centre mixed development - cultural and heritage quarters - fortress development - gentrified areas - edge cities
99
land use patterns - developed world
- CBD = highest land values - house price increases away from the CBD - inner city - high land value, high density housing, low wages, live in poverty, high ethnic minority - rural/ semi-rural - lower land value, less dense, open space, larger newer houses, wealthy, high wages, low ethnic minority
100
land use patterns - developing world
- house prices decrease away from CBD - city centre: high land value, high-cost housing, high wages, wealthy, wealthy immigrants (HICs, NEEs) - around centre: medium cost, informal settlement, improving housing, some services - outskirts: low land values, low cost, informal housing, limited access to services, poorly paid, high poverty - industrial: along transport links
101
economic inequality
- higher in developing world - lack of resources to support the poorest - developed nations have welfare states that provide basic services - ISSUES: political and social unrest, rise in crime, health issues
102
cultural diversity and social segregation
- cities most culturally diverse - BENEFITS: enrich character, increase tolerance, cultural events increase tourism, boost economy - ISSUES: tension, violence, pressure on services, isolation, under representation - sosical sergegation issues: prejudice, discrimination, inequalities increase, anxiety, lack access to facilities
103
strategies to reduce poverty
- improve transport - affordable housing - have minimum wage - offer subsidies - upgrading programmes for slums - investments in infrastructure
104
strategies to improve social and cultural integration
- political participation of minority groups - give minority groups opportunities in decision making - pass laws to prevent discrimination - new development reduce division - ease racial tension through group projects
105
thunderstorms in urban areas
- UHI effect - urban areas are warm, warm moist air rises, as it rises it cools and water vapour condenses (rain/ thunderstorms) 1) sun heats ground 2) radiated heat warms air above it 3) warm air rises 4) rises, cools, condenses = cloud formation and thunderstorms - dust and pollution in the air act as condensation nuclei that encourages clouds to form so air can't disperse
106
sources of urban waste
- industrial waste - any waste from the manufacturing process or from industrial activity - commercial waste - waste produced by businesses - personal waste - any waste produced by private homes
107
types of waste disposal
- unregulated - recycling - incineration - recovery - burial (landfill) - submergence - trade
108
waste disposal - unregulated
- dumped at unofficial sites - can damage ecosystems - animals and birds get harmed if the eat or get stuck in waste
109
waste disposal - recycling
- waste reproduced into new products - reduced the demand for raw material - uses less energy so less greenhouse gases - requires separate collections and plants for processing
110
waste disposal - incineration
- when waste is burnt - reduced amount in landfill - emits ghg - can be used to generate electricity - reducing fossil fuels
111
waste disposal - recovery
- using waste instead of new products - reduces amount in landfill - fewer natural resources are exploited
112
waste disposal - burial (landfill)
- placed in disused mines, quarries or landfill - sites are lined BUT if not regulated then chemicals contaminate groundwater - gases from decomposing causes air pollution - collect gas for energy production
113
waste disposal - submergence
- dumping waste in the ocean (illegal but common) - can release toxic or radioactive substances - damage ocean ecosystems
114
waste disposal - trade
- buying and selling of waste - HICs sell hazardous waste to LICs - lack of proper disposals can damage local environments
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