CV

Question 1

components of blood

Answer 1

55%-plasma (fluid, 90% water), transports co2
45%-cells (solid), rbc-lose nucleus to carry more hemoglobin
1% of blood volume- wbc

Question 2

structure and function of different types of blood cells

Answer 2

rbc: biconcave disk without nucleus when entering blood stream maximize SA for diffusion and let the rbc more flexible to move in narrow blood streams, function: their hemoglobin protein has a high affinity for o2 which lets them carry o2 throughout the body
1 hemo=4 o2 molecules

wbc: fight off infections and protect the body from pathogens, leukocytes can pass through capillaries (making them more effective) and contains a nucleus in order to use proteins to fight off infection, larger in size to eat (macrophage) and destroy pathogens

thrombocytes: help the body clot blood, contain proteins on their surface that let them stick to breaks in blood vessel walls and have granules that secrete proteins that help with blood clotting

Question 3

is blood a fluid

Answer 3

no, it contains solid parts- its a tissue

Question 4

what are the blood types?
universal donor?
universal receiver?
what is the protein that determines +/-

Answer 4

blood types: A, AB, B, O +/-
ud: O-
ur: AB+
Rh factor

Question 5

arteries

Answer 5

• carry blood away from heart
• have more smooth muscle and elastic tissue = thicker walls
  this allows arteries to dilate as blood passes through them and helps with high pressure

Question 6

veins

Answer 6

• carry blood towards heart (against gravity, allowed with movement and valves)
• Thin, less elastic walls help them handle high volumes and low pressure.
• have valves to prevent backward blood flow

Question 7

arterioles

Answer 7

• tubes with thick walls of muscle that can adjust the amount of space they have inside.
• helps control the amount of blood they let through by increasing or decreasing their diameter

Question 8

venules

Answer 8

• the smallest veins and receive blood from capillaries
• thin (lacks a lot of muscle or elastic tissue), prone to rupture with excessive volume

Question 9

capillaries

Answer 9

• Capillaries have very thin walls that are only 1 cell thick. These walls are also very permeable (leaky!!).

-This allows the carbon dioxide, oxygen and nutrients to diffuse between cells and vessels.

• They carry blood at a very low pressure so don’t need any muscular walls.

Question 10

structure of the heart and function

Answer 10

The Heart: a muscular organ that continuously pumps blood through the body, generating blood flow.
Contains cardiac muscle to never tire it, contain 4 chambers, 4 one-way valves, and sets of arteries and veins to help generate blood flow

Question 11

heart conduction

Answer 11

• lub-dub sound is caused by ventricles contracting
• sinoatrial node; stimulates the muscle cells to contract and relax rhythmically, also called a pacemaker (sets pace for cardiac activity), located in right atrium wall
  the SA node generates and electrical signal forcing the two atria to contract together, and the signal reaches the AV node
• The AV node transmits the electrical signal through specialized fibres (purkinje fibres) that run down and around the septum and ventricles

initiates the simultaneous contraction of all cells including the right and left ventricles

Question 12

types of circulation

Answer 12

systemic- the movement of blood from the heart through the body

pulmonary- the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs

cardiac- blood flow within the heart

Question 13

blood pressure and device

Answer 13

blood pressure measures the pressure inside your artery walls when your heart contracts (systolic) and relaxes (diastolic), it is measured with a sphygmomanometer

Question 14

cardiac technologies

Answer 14

ECG- checks electrical signals of the heart as it pumps and generates an image

autoclave- sterilizer

catheters- implants fake valve

Question 15

cardiac diseases

Answer 15

myocardial infarction: heart attack= blocked artery

arrythmia: irregular rhythms of the heart

coronary artery disease- too much plaque

Cardiomyopathy- heart is not working efficiently

Question 16

blood flow in (O2 sat)

Answer 16

In from body to the right atrium, to right ventricle, pushed into pulmonary arteries THEN
Pulmonary veins bring o2 rich blood back via left atrium, which flows to left ventricle, which pumps o2 rich blood through body via aorta

Question 17

blood flow out (O2 poor)

Answer 17

Vena Cava brings O2 poor blood to Right Atrium which flows to Ventricle which pumps the o2 poor blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries

Question 18

which are receiving chambers

Answer 18

atria

Question 19

which are pumping chambers

Answer 19

ventricles

Question 20

what is the diameter of blood vessels regulated by?

Answer 20

medulla oblongata

Question 21

what is artierolar resistance

Answer 21

diameter of the Arteriole determines the amount of blood flow, increased diameter, means decreased bp

AFFECTS BP

Question 22

what is cardiac output

Answer 22

amount of blood pumped from the heart per minute
= HR(SV), increased cardiac output, increased bp, increased hr

AFFECTS BP

Question 23

What is stroke volume

Answer 23

volume of blood leaving the heart

Question 24

left subclavian artery

Answer 24

move oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your upper body

Question 25

coronary artery

Answer 25

sends blood to the left/right side of the heart muscle, right one supplies blood to the AV node

Question 26

brachiocephalic trunk/artery

Answer 26

supplies blood to the head, neck and upper extremities.

Question 27

types of capillaries

Answer 27

continuous (most common)-transport blood and o2, no fenestrations, but still permeable fenestrated- have tiny openings or pores where larger molecules and proteins can move to organs and glands, in kidneys for example sinusoidal- larger openings allowing for greater movement of particles and fluid throughout, occurs in liver and bone marrow for example

Question 28

exception to artery and veins

Answer 28

pulmonary arteries carry o2-poor blood instead of o2 rich blood to lungs, pulmonary veins carry o2 rich blood to heart instead of o2 poor blood to heart (from lungs)