D3 Th

Question 1

what is the default Th

Answer 1

Th2

Th1 produced when inflammatory response

Question 2

Effector functions of Th2

Answer 2

Activation and proliferation of mast cells & eosinophils
Production IgE
Goblet cell hyperplasia (mucus: can immobilize extracellular parasite)
Required for protection against helminth infection
Over production may lead to allergy and asthma

Question 3

what do basophils proliferate in response to?

describe functions of basophils

Answer 3

Th2 cytokines: IL-4, IL-13, IL-3

• effector cells for allergy & expulsion of helminths
• Can process and present antigen to naïve CD4+ T cells
• Not essential for initiating Th2 response but may amplify response

Question 4

How do Th2 protect against helminths

Answer 4

production of IgE and activating eosinophils, mast cells and goblet cells
They are involved in asthma

Question 5

!! functions of IFNy

Answer 5

activates macrophage microbicidal activity (iNOS)
↑ antigen processing & presentation via
- ↑ MHC class I and II
- TAP and proteasome components
- Enhances TNF actions such as adhesion molecule
Promotes differentiation of Th1, inhibits Th2
Promotes class switching to IgG2a, inhibits switching to IgG1 and IgE
(viral & bacterial)
Activates neutrophils and and NK cells

Question 6

Effector functions of Th1

Answer 6

Phagocyte-mediated defence against intracellular pathogens
Activation of macrophage microbicidal activities
Production of opsonizing and complement fixing antibodies (require opsonisation for bacterial and viral infected cells)
Proliferation of CD8+ CTL

Question 7

Role of IL-17

• family
• what does it aid in
• what factors does it induce
• important in pathology of what diseases

Answer 7

Cytokine family: IL-17A, B, C, D, E & F
Potent proinflammatory cytokine
- aids in co-ordination of tissue inflammation
- induces chemokines & cytokines
- induces MMP: matrix metalloproteases –> control tissue destruction and remodelling
IL-17 important in pathology: COPD/chron disease

Question 8

what are

• IL-17 or IL-17RA KO mice more susceptible to?
• IL-17RA KO mice
• humans with hyper-IgE syndrome
• Mice deficient in IL-17, IL-23p19 or IL-12/IL-23p40 are RESSITANT to what autoimmune diseases

Answer 8

Infection

• pulmonary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Candida albicans
• have no Th17 therefore are very susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections

autoimmunity
- EAE, IBD or CIA

Question 9

IL-17 promotes maturation of what

Th17 dependent production of IL-23 induces expression of

Answer 9

1. neutrophils & chemotaxis

2. antimicrobial defence genes in the epithelium

Question 10

Tfh role

• what induces production
• transcription factor
• produce which cytokine & chemokine

Answer 10

provide help for B cells (in germinal centers of LN)
IL-6
Bcl6
IL-21 & chemokine: CXCR5

Question 11

Th9

1. explain involvement of TGFbeta
2. how are Th9 cells obtained
3. Th9 effects on allergic inflammation
4. effect of TGF-B deficient mice

Answer 11

1. Importance for differentiation of Th17 and Treg reprograms Th2 cells to switch to secretion of IL-9
2. directly by a combination of TGF-y, IL-9 and IL4
3. multiple effects in the development and maintenance of allergic inflammation and airway remodelling
4. reduced levels of IL-9 and mast cells and are unable to expel helminths

(May be more important in sustaining responses rather than initiating)

Question 12

Th22

1. what effector cytokine do they produce
2. where are high no. of Th22 found?
3. characterized by expression of what cytokines?
4. what chemokine receptors expressed (what does this drive Th22 cells to do)
5. IL-22 allows Th22 cells to …
6. Th22 cells may provide a protective role in
7. Th22 cells may play a pathogenic role in

Answer 12

1. IL-22 (IL-10 family member)
2. found at barriers (skin and gut)
3. characterized by the expression of IL-22, IL-13 and TGF but (NOT IFN-γ, IL-4, or IL-17)
4. express the chemokine receptors CCR4, CCR6, and CCR10 which drives Th22 cells to migrate to the skin
5. IL-22 allows Th22 cells to act on non-hematopoietic cells (non-immune) including keratinocytes, myofibroblasts, and epithelial cells
6. regulating wound repair and healing in the skin, gut and lungs
7. many inflammatory diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Crohn’s disease and uveitis.