Erosional - cirque-
A cirque (French, from the Latin word circus) is an amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion. … The fluvial cirque or makhtesh, found in karst landscapes, is formed by intermittent river flow cutting through layers of limestone and chalk leaving sheer cliffs.
Tor
Tor is free software for enabling anonymous communication. The name is derived from an acronym for the original software project name “The Onion Router”.
U-shaped valleys
U-shaped valleys, trough valleys or glacial troughs, are formed by the process of glaciation. They are characteristic of mountain glaciation in particular. They have a characteristic U shape, with steep, straight sides and a flat or rounded bottom.
Hanging valleys
a valley which is cut across by a deeper valley or a cliff.
Aretes
a sharp mountain ridge.
Horns
a hard permanent outgrowth, often curved and pointed, found in pairs on the heads of cattle, sheep, goats, giraffes, etc. and consisting of a core of bone encased in keratinized skin.
Striations & Grooves
Glacial grooves and striations are gouged or scratched into bedrock as the glacier moves downstream. Boulders and coarse gravel get trapped under the glacial ice, and abrade the land as the glacier pushes and pulls them along.
Roche Mountonnee
a small bare outcrop of rock shaped by glacial erosion, with one side smooth and gently sloping and the other steep, rough, and irregular.
recessional, lateral, medial, ground)
recessional, lateral, medial, ground)- Recessional moraines are often observed as a series of transverse ridges running across a valley behind a terminal moraine. They form perpendicular to the lateral moraines that they reside between and are composed of unconsolidated debris deposited by the glacier.
Kettles
A kettle is a shallow, sediment-filled body of water formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters. The kettles are formed as a result of blocks of ice calving from glaciers and becoming submerged in the sediment on the outwash plain. Another source is the sudden drainage of an ice-dammed lake.
Kames
A kame is a glacial landform, an irregularly shaped hill or mound composed of sand, gravel and till that accumulates in a depression on a retreating glacier, and is then deposited on the land surface with further melting of the glacier
Drumlins
Drumlins are elongated, teardrop-shaped hills of rock, sand, and gravel that formed under moving glacier ice.
Eskers
A long ridge of gravel and other sediment, typically having a winding course, deposited by meltwater from a retreating glacier or ice sheet.
Erratics
a rock or boulder that differs from the surrounding rock and is believed to have been brought from a distance by glacial action.
greenhouse gases
A greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone.
Insolation
the amount of solar radiation reaching a given area.
Insolation
the amount of solar radiation reaching a given area.
Aerosols
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. Aerosols can be natural or anthropogenic. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, dust, forest exudates and geyser steam. Examples of anthropogenic aerosols are haze, particulate air pollutants and smoke.
Sea level change
At least since 1880, the average global sea level has been rising. Between 1900 and 2016 sea level rose by approximately 16 to 21 cm. More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveals an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm per century.
Isostatic effects on Earthś crust
Isostatic effects of deposition and erosion. When large amounts of sediment are deposited on a particular region, the immense weight of the new sediment may cause the crust below to sink. … Therefore, as a mountain range is eroded, the (reduced) range rebounds upwards (to a certain extent) to be eroded further.
Neoproterozoic snowball Earth-
The Snowball Earth hypothesis proposes that Earth’s surface became entirely or nearly entirely frozen at least once, sometime earlier than 650 Mya
Late Paleozoic ice ages-
The late Palaeozoic ice age (LPIA) started around 340–330 million years ago (Ma)1. It is one of the most prominent glacial events in Earth’s history, now seen as a dynamic succession of ice advances and retreats over Gondwana1,2,3. Continental ice sheets are hypothesized to have persisted until early Permian times.
Glaciation
In our simulations the long-term CO2 decline is accompanied by a relatively abrupt intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation at around 2.7 Ma. … The simulated Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the early Pleistocene glacial cycles reach a maximum volume equivalent to a sea level drop of about 40 m
Ice sheet variation
By volume, Antarctica contains 90% of the world’s glacier ice – enough ice to raise world sea level by over 60 metres if it were all to melt. … The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) has about 9 times the volume of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS).
