dash through AK

Question 1

A whistle-stop tour of the Animal Kingdom
Basic phylogeny
Definitions of:
Eumetazoa
Bilateria
Deuterostomia
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa
Spiralia
Lophotrochozoa

Answer 1

-

Question 2

see desktop for major divisions to remember

Answer 2

-

Question 3

‘ur-metazoan’

Answer 3

1. Hypothetical last common ancestor of all animals
2. First multicellular animal
3. Eukaryote multicellular
4. Flagellate
5. Marine
6. Two cell layers
7. No symmetry
8. c. 600 million years ago

Question 4

Eumetazoa (non-bilateral animals)
porifera
6 points

Answer 4

1. Porifera
2. Sponges
3. Two layers of cells
4. No tissues or organs
5. No nervous, digestive, or circulatory systems
6. No symmetry

Question 5

Eumetazoa (non-bilateral animals)
Placozoa
2 points

Answer 5

1. Possibly close to the “ur-metazoan”

2. Two layers of cells

Question 6

Eumetazoa (non-bilateral animals)

Coelenterates

Answer 6

Former term for Cnidaria + Ctenophora

Now recognised as paraphyletic

Question 7

Eumetazoa (non-bilateral animals)
Ctenophora
5 points

Answer 7

1. “comb jellies”
2. Radial symmetry
3. Two layers of cells
4. Unique colloblast cells
   Sticky, used in prey capture
5. Swim using cilia

Question 8

Eumetazoa (non-bilateral animals)

Cnidaria

Answer 8

1. Sea anemones, corals, sea pens, “jellyfish”
2. Stinging cells for prey capture
3. Radial symmetry
4. Two layers of cells
5. Single orifice and body cavity

Question 9

Bilateria

cell layers

Answer 9

tripoblastic

Ectoderm (epidermis and nerves)

Endoderm (digestive tract)

Mesoderm (muscle, connective tissue)

Question 10

anterior and posterior

Answer 10

front and back

Question 11

Dorsal and ventral

Answer 11

left and right

Question 12

Bilateria

2 divisions

Answer 12

complete digestive tracts - separate mouth and anus

1. Protostomia: “mouth first”
   Blastopore becomes the mouth
   Anus develops secondarily
2. Deuterostomia: “mouth second”
   Blastopore becomes the anus
   Mouth develops secondarily

Question 13

Deuterostomes - Chordata

5 points

Answer 13

1. Notochord (rigid structure for muscle attachment)
2. Hollow dorsal nerve cord
3. Pharyngeal slits (filter feeding organs)
4. Endostyle (assists in filter feeding in basal chordates)
5. Post anal tail (body after anus

Question 14

Deuterostomes - echinodermata

5 points

Answer 14

1. Sea lilies, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, sea urchins, starfish
2. Bilateral as larvae, radially symmetry as adults (in some classes)
3. Calcareous plates in skin
4. Water vascular system
5. Suspension feeders, herbivores, carnivores

Question 15

Deuterostomes - hemichordata

3 points

Answer 15

1. Enteropneusta (acorn worms)
   Pterobranchia
2. Filter feeders
3. Three-part body

Question 16

protostomes - ecdysozoa

5 points

Answer 16

1. Grow by ecdysis (i.e. moulting their exoskeleton)
2. Lack locomotory cilia
3. Amoeboid sperm (crawl)
4. “teeth” within the foregut (basal)
5. Ring of spines around the mouth (basal)

Question 17

Ecdysozoa - priapulida

2 points

Answer 17

1. Penis worms

2. Unsegmented worms

Question 18

Ecdysozoa - kinorhyncha

2 points

Answer 18

1. “mud dragons”

2. Segmented, limbless, < 1mm

Question 19

Ecdysozoa - Nematoda

3 points

Answer 19

1. Round worms
2. Unsegmented
3. Free living and parasitic

Question 20

Ecdysozoa - Nematomorpha

2 points

Answer 20

1. Horsehair worms

2. Larval parasites of arthropods

Question 21

Ecdysozoa - arthropoda

5 points

Answer 21

1. Exoskeleton with jointed legs
2. Chelicerata: spiders, scorpions
3. Myriapoda: centipedes, millipedes
4. Crustacea: crabs, prawns, woodlice
5. Hexapoda: mayflies, wasps, true bugs

Question 22

Spiralia

Answer 22

1. Named after spiral cleavage of the embryo
2. Otherwise defined as lacking the attributes of the Ecdysozoa
3. Validity as a group confirmed with genetic studies

Question 23

Gnathifera

5 points

Answer 23

1. “Jaw-bearers”
2. Chaetognatha
   Arrow worms
   Predatory, dart-shaped
3. Rotifera
   Wheel animals
   Free living and sessile species
   Corona of cilia used in filter feeding and locomotion
4. Acanthocephala
   Thorny-headed worms
   Parasitic involving at least 2 hosts
5. Gnathostomulida
   Jaw worms

Question 24

Platyhelminthes and Gastrotricha

6 points

Answer 24

1. Flatworms
2. No body cavity
3. No circulatory or respiratory organs
4. Blind-ended digestive system
5. Free living
6. Parasitic (tapeworms, flukes)

Question 25

Lophotrochozoa

Answer 25

1. Clade established on molecular evidence | 2. Trochophore (“wheel-carrying”) larvae

Question 26

Lophotrochozoa Annelida 4 points

Answer 26

1. Segmented worms 2. Repetition of internal organs (in each segment) 3. Chitinous setae (bristles on body 4. Polychaeta – bristle worms Clitellata – earthworms and leeches Echiura – spoon worms Sipuncula – peanut worms

Question 27

Lophotrochozoa Mollusca 4 points

Answer 27

1. Muscular foot 2. Mantle that secretes a shell 3. Toothed radula 4. Gastropoda: snails, limpets, slugs Bivalvia: clams, oysters, scallops Cephalopoda: octopus, squid Polyplacophora: chitons Scaphopoda: tusk shells

Question 28

Lophotrochozoa Brachiopoda 3 points

Answer 28

1. Lamp shells 2. Dorsal and ventral valves (unlike left-right valves of Mollusca) 3. Filter feeders

Question 29

Lophotrochozoa Phoronida 2 points

Answer 29

1. Horseshoe worms | 2. Filter feeders

Question 30

Lophotrochozoa Entoprocta and Ectoprocta 3 points

Answer 30

1. Entoprocta No body cavity 2. Ectoprocta Moss animals or Bryozoa Zooids have different functions – not truly independent animals Some have exoskeletons 3. Superficially similar Filter feeders using a ‘crown’ of tentacles Colonial

Question 31

Lophotrochozoa Nemertea 4 points

Answer 31

1. Ribbon worms 2. Circulatory system 3. Free living, carnivorous Eversible proboscis used for food capture, toxic secretions 4. Move via external cilia

Question 32

Lophotrochozoa Nemertea 4 points

Answer 32

1. Ribbon worms 2. Circulatory system 3. Free living, carnivorous Eversible proboscis used for food capture, toxic secretions 4. Move via external cilia