DAT BIO > DAT bio chapter 5 Cell Division > Flashcards

DAT bio chapter 5 Cell Division Flashcards

(90 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Genome

A
  • all the DNA in a cell.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chromosome

A

composed of a single DNA molecule. Multiple chromosomes up the entire genome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Homologous chromosome pairs

A

Two different copies of the same chromosome. one copy is give by the mother and the other copy given by the father

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sister chromatids

A

identical copies of a replicated chromosome. joined together at the centromere to form a dyad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dyads -

A

replicated chromosomes containing

two sister chromatids that look like an “X”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Centromeres -

A
  • regions of DNA that connect

sister chromatids in a dyad.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Kinetochores -

A

proteins on the sides of
centromeres that help microtubules pull sister
chromatids apart during cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Karyokinesis

A

division of the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

physical division of the

cytoplasm and cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Parent cell

A

one parent cell produces two

daughter cells after division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ploidy

A

describes the number of chromosome
sets found in the body. Humans are diploid
because they contain two sets of
chromosomes (46 chromosomes, 23 pairs),
one from each parent. However, they also
have haploid cells (gametes) that only contain
one chromosome set (23 chromosomes).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sex chromosomes

A
  • one pair in the human

body; they determine sex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Autosomes -

A
  • 22 pairs in the human body; they

are nonsex chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gametes -

A

haploid cells (sperm and eggs).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Germ cells

A

diploid cells that divide by meiosis

to produce gametes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gametocyte

A
  • eukaryotic germ cells that can
    either divide to form more gametocytes or
    produce gametes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Somatic cells

A
  • all body cells excluding the

gametes. Diploid in humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cell cycle is divided into what two phases?

A

interphase (G1 , G0 , S,

and G2 ) and the M phase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what percent of the cell cycle happens in during interphase?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does karyokinesis and cytokinesis occur.

A

M phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DAT Mnemonic for the cell cycle:

A 
Go = Gap Phase 1 (G1 ) of interphase
Sam = Synthesis Phase (S) of interphase
Go = Gap Phase 2 (G2 ) of interphase
Make = Mitosis of the M phase
Cake = Cytokinesis of the M phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Steps for interphase (Gap phase 1 (G1 )

A

cell grows in preparation
for cell division. Also checks for favorable
conditions. If favorable, cell will enter S phase.
If unfavorable, cell will enter G0 phase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is G0 phase

A
  • cells still carry out their
    functions but halt in the cell cycle. Cells
    that do not divide are stuck here.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Steps for interphase (Synthesis phase (S))

A

Centrosome is duplicated

DNA is replicated. Each chromosome replicates to form two sister chromatids held at a centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Steps for interphase (Gap phase 2 (G2)
cell continues to grow and prepare for cell division by checking DNA for any errors after replication. Also checks for mitosis promoting factor (MPF), which needs to be present in adequate amounts for cell cycle continuation. Organelles are replicated here.
26
What is microtubule organizing centers? where are they present?
Present in eukaryotic cells. they organize extension of microtubules, which are made of the protein tubulin. MTOCs are responsible for forming the spindle apparatus, which guides chromosomes during karyokinesis.
27
Centrosomes
organelles found in animal cells that contain a pair of centrioles. They act as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs).
28
3 microtubules in the spindle apparatus
Kinetochore microtubules Astral microtubules Polar microtubules
29
Kinetochore microtubules
extend from centrosomes and attach to kinetochores on chromosomes.
30
Astral microtubules
extend from centrosomes to the cell membrane to orient the spindle apparatus.
31
Polar microtubules
extend from the two centrosomes and connect with each other. They push centrosomes to opposite ends of the cell.
32
Centrioles
hollow cylinders made of nine | triplets of microtubules (9x3 array).
33
Centrosomes location
located near the nucleus and contain a pair of centrioles oriented at 90 degree angles to one another (attached to each other by interconnecting fibers). They replicate during the S phase of the cell cycle so that each daughter cell after cell division has one centrosome.
34
what material surrounds the centrioles and is responsible for microtubule nucleation (anchoring tubulin to start microtubule extension).
pericentriolar material
35
What is microtubule nucleation>
(anchoring tubulin to start microtubule | extension).
36
Cilia and flagella
nine doublets of microtubules with two singles in the center (9+2 array).
37
Where are cilia and flagella produced>
basal body, which is initially formed by the mother centriole (older centriole after S phase replication) attaching itself to the cell membrane.
38
M phase
stage in the cell cycle where | karyokinesis and cytokinesis occur.
39
Type of karyokinesis (nuclear division)
Mitosis
40
What happens in mitosis
that involves a diploid parent cell dividing into two diploid daughter cells.
41
phase 1 of mitosis | prophase
chromatin condenses into chromosomes (X-shaped dyads). The nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear. Spindle apparatus forms.
42
phase 2 of mitosis | metaphase
- the spindle apparatus guides the chromosomes to the metaphase plate (midpoint of cell) in a single file.
43
phase 3 of mitosis | Anaphase
kinetochore microtubules shorten to pull sister chromatids apart. Now, the sister chromatids are considered separate chromosomes. Chromosome number doubles.
44
phase 4 of mitosis | telophase
chromosomes have segregated and nuclear membranes reform. In addition, nucleoli reappear and chromosomes decondense into chromatin.
45
What is the physical separation of the cytoplasm and cell membrane into two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
46
In animal cells, cytokinesis begins in late______ with the formation of a _____
anaphase | cleavage furrow.
47
What is cleavage furrow?
contractile ring of actin microfilaments and myosin motors that pinches the cell into two.
48
In plant cells, cytokinesis begins in_____ with the formation of a ______
telophase | cell plate
49
What is the cell plate made out of?
created by vesicles from the Golgi apparatus and ends up producing the middle lamella (cements plant cells together).
50
How does cell cycle influence cell division
through limitations to growth and regulation to prevent cancerous growth.
51
2 types of functional limitations
Surface to volume ratio (S/V) | Genome to volume ratio (G/V) -
52
Surface to volume ratio (S/V)
cell division occurs when volume is too large because cells rely on the surface area of their cell membrane for transport of material. Decrease in S/V ratio leads to cell division.
53
Genome to volume ratio (G/V)
cell division occurs when the volume of the cell is too large to be supported by the limited size of the genome. Decrease in G/V ratio leads to cell division.
54
Cell specific regulations:
Cell specific checkpoints - - -Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) - - -Growth factors - -Density dependent inhibition - -Anchorage dependence
55
Cell specific checkpoints - G1 restriction | point
(checks for favorable conditions to grow, enters G0 phase if unfavorable), end of G2 (checks accuracy of DNA replication and MPF levels), and M checkpoint (during metaphase, checks for chromosomal attachment to spindle fibers).
56
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) -
phosphorylate certain substrates to signal cell cycle progression. Activated by cyclin, a protein that cycles through stages of synthesis and degradation.
57
Growth factors -
- bind to receptors in the | plasma membrane to signal for cell division.
58
Density dependent inhibition
- halting of cell | division when density of cells is high.
59
Anchorage dependence
- cells divide only | when attached to an external surface.
60
Goal of mitosis
increase the number of cells in | an organism,
61
Goal of binary fission and who uses it?
is used by archaea, bacteria, and certain organelles to reproduce.
62
What happens during binary fusion?
organisms will replicate their genome while cell division is happening (no S phase for DNA replication). Also, there is no spindle apparatus.
63
Meiosis produces what?
produces four haploid daughter cells from | one diploid parent cell.
64
How does meiosis produce four haploid daughter cells from | one diploid parent cell.
It does this by repeating the | steps of karyokinesis twice.
65
Meiosis can be divided into two parts
meiosis I (homologous chromosomes separate) meiosis II (sister chromatids separate).
66
Meiosis 1 (reductional division)
produces two haploid daughter cells through separation of homologous chromosomes.
67
Meiosis 1 | prophase 1
``` chromatin condenses into chromosomes (X-shaped dyads). The nucleolus and nuclear envelope will disappear. Homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs. ```
68
Meiosis 1 (prophase 1) Synapsis
the pairing up of homologous chromosomes to form tetrads (aka bivalents).
69
Meiosis 1 (prophase 1) Synaptonemal complex
protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes during synapsis.
70
Meiosis 1 (prophase 1) Tetrads (bivalents)
pair of two homologous chromosomes each with two sister chromatids.
71
Meiosis 1 (prophase 1) Chiasmata
where two chromosomes of a homologous pair cross over during synapsis, causing genetic recombination.
72
Meiosis 1 (prophase 1) Genetic recombination
exchange of DNA between chromosomes to produce genetically diverse offspring.
73
Meiosis 1 | Metaphase I
tetrads randomly line up double-file on the metaphase plate; this contributes to genetic diversity.
74
Meiosis 1 | Anaphase I
``` kinetochore microtubules shorten to separate homologous chromosomes from each other. Will not begin unless at least one chiasmata has formed within each tetrad. ```
75
Meiosis 1 | Telophase and Cytokinesis I
``` - after tetrads have been pulled to opposite poles, nuclear membranes reform. In addition, nucleoli reappear and chromosomes decondense into chromatin. A Cleavage furrow forms in animal cells and a cell plate forms in plant cells. ```
76
Meiosis II
very similar to mitosis because sister chromatids are separated. Two haploid cells divide into four haploid daughter cells.
77
Meiosis II | Prophase II
chromatin condenses into chromosomes (X-shaped dyads). The nucleolus and nuclear envelope will disappear. Spindle apparatus forms. No crossing over occurs.
78
Meiosis II | Metaphase II
chromosomes line up single-file at the metaphase plate just like in mitosis.
79
Meiosis II | Anaphase II
- kinetochore microtubules shorten to pull sister chromatids apart. Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes and chromosome number doubles.
80
Meiosis II | Telophase and Cytokinesis II
``` - nuclear membranes reform, nucleoli reappear, and chromosomes decondense into chromatin. Four haploid daughter cells are produced in total. ```
81
Mitosis | number of chromosomes and chromatids
During the S phase of the cell cycle, a human’s 46 chromosomes are duplicated. Afterwards, there are still 46 chromosomes but also 92 chromatids. They line up in metaphase individually as shown below:
82
During anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids | split. How many chromosomes and chromatids are produced?
of mitosis, sister chromatids split. This produces 92 separate chromosomes, which are also counted as 92 chromatids. Each separated cell will have 46 chromosomes (46 chromatids). These cells are diploid.
83
For meiosis I, number of chromosomes and chromatids
a human goes through the same DNA replication in S phase as mitosis that results in 46 chromosomes and 92 chromatids. However, during metaphase the chromosomes double up as shown below:
84
During anaphase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes split up. How many chromosomes and chromatids are produced?
This results in the same total numbers - 46 chromosomes and 92 chromatids. Each cell will have 23 chromosomes and 46 chromatids.
85
Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis, how?
involves chromosomes lining up individually in metaphase. During anaphase, sister chromatids are separated, resulting in 23 chromosomes (23 chromatids) in each daughter cell. These cells are haploid.
86
Where is the genome and DNA located in the cell?
nucleus
87
What is a genome in simple term
sum total of an organism DNA
88
How to get DNA from old cell to new cell?
Mitosis!
89
HOw many chromosomes are found in each nuclues of human cells?
46 chromosomes
90
Duplication of DNA happens before mitosis T/F
True. in interphase
DAT BIO
flashcards
Decks in class (25)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions