Data Generation

Question 1

• Qualitative strategies of inquiry is an overarching term that includes:
  o
  o
  o
• Near impossible to identify all qualitative strategies of
  inquiry
  o Described and classified differently depending on research disciplines and philosophical assumptions
• Researchers are …
  o Play an integral role in …
• Use of the term “data generation” rather than “data collection”
  o Emphasizes the way researchers and participants work together to generate
  data
• Research occurs in the natural setting
• Qualitative research is emergent

Answer 1

• Qualitative strategies of inquiry is an overarching term
  that includes:
  o Philosophical views of the research
  o Sampling / access
  o Methods (data generation and data analysis)
• Near impossible to identify all qualitative strategies of
  inquiry
  o Described and classified differently depending on research
  disciplines and philosophical assumptions
• Researchers are key instruments
  o Play an integral role in generating data
• Use of the term “data generation” rather than “data collection”
  o Emphasizes the way researchers and participants work together to generate
  data
• Research occurs in the natural setting
• Qualitative research is emergent

Question 2

Analysis of strategies will follow this outline:
* What type of information / data is the strategy trying to capture
* Level of analysis (how deep do we go)
* Various forms of the strategy
* Primary forms of data generated by the strategies
* Following slides show several example of a research studies that uses this form.

Answer 2

Analysis of strategies will follow this outline:
* What type of information / data is the strategy trying to capture
* Level of analysis (how deep do we go)
* Various forms of the strategy
* Primary forms of data generated by the strategies
* Following slides show several example of a research studies that
uses this form.

Question 3

Narrative - USED IN KNES
* Stories are used to…
STRUCTURED OR NOT
* Stories can be analyzed in two ways…
* Various specific forms of narrative inquiry
o … history
o … history
* Stories typically generated via …
o Observations and participant journaling may also be used

Example
*

Answer 3

• Stories are used to bring understanding or meaning to the lived experiences of individuals
  NON STRUCTURED SO YOU GET THE BEST PICTURE
• Stories can be analyzed in great depth or stand alone as a description of experience(s)
• Various specific forms of narrative inquiry
  o Life history
  o Oral history
• Stories typically generated via in-depth and unstructured interviews
  o Observations and participant journaling may also be used

Example
* Comparing elite male and female distance runner’s experiences of disordered eating through narrative analysis

Question 4

Ethnography - USED IN KNES
* Driven by questions that seek to understand…
o Describe and interpret….
* Various specific forms of ethnography
o …. ethnography
o …ethnography
* … is typically the primary process used for data generation
o Interviews and documents (e.g., personal journals) may also be used

example
*
*

Answer 4

Ethnography
* Driven by questions that seek to understand cultures or a cultural group
o Describe and interpret shared features of a cultural group, such as behaviours, values, and beliefs
* Various specific forms of ethnography
o Critical ethnography
o Autoethnography
* Participant observation is typically the primary process used for data generation
o Interviews and documents (e.g., personal journals) may also be used

example
* Beyond Boundaries: The Development and Potential of Ethnography in the Study of Sport and Physical Culture.
* Abstract: Ethnographic approaches to the study of sport and physical culture have developed primarily within physical education and kinesiology programs and are typically framed in dialogue with sociological theorizing of agency, structure, power, and inequality.

Question 5

Phenomenology - USED IN KNES
* The study of a phenomenon or a concept through…
* Phenomenology can be understood as a…
* Various specific forms of phenomenology
o Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)
o Empirical phenomenology
* Data is typically generated via …

Example phenomenology
*

Answer 5

Phenomenology - event that is huge many people experience. 9/11 . TRUMP assasination
* The study of a phenomenon or a concept through the exploration of lived experiences
* Phenomenology can be understood as a philosophy and a qualitative strategy of inquiry
* Various specific forms of phenomenology
o Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)
o Empirical phenomenology
* Data is typically generated via multiple in-depth interviews with participants

Example phenomenology
* National Hockey League players’ experiences with career-ending concussions

Question 6

Case Study - USED IN KNES
* The study of the…
* The case or “bounded system” is bound by …
o Cases of interest: people, team, event, organization, or community
* Often fit into one of three categories
o …, …, or….
* Data generation is typically ….
o …, …, visual methods

Answer 6

Case Study
* The study of the complexity and distinctiveness of a case within important circumstances
* The case or “bounded system” is bound by time and place
o Cases of interest: people, team, event, organization, or community

• Often fit into one of three categories
  IIC
  o Intrinsic, instrumental, or collective case study
• Data generation is typically extensive
  o Interviews, observation, visual methods

Question 7

Grounded Theory - USED IN KNES
* Focused on the generation and analysis of data…
* Iterative strategies are often employed
o Researchers use comparative methods to examine the data …
* The “…” is a theory
* Data typically generated via….

Example Grounded Theory
Psychosocial experiences of breast cancer survivors
involved in a dragon boat program
* “…

Answer 7

Grounded Theory - USED IN KNES
* Focused on the generation and analysis of data to construct a theory (explanation of process)
* Iterative strategies are often employed
o Researchers use comparative methods to examine the data against each other to identify similarities and differences
* The “End product” is a theory
* Data typically generated via one-on-one interviews with participants

Example Grounded Theory
Psychosocial experiences of breast cancer survivors
involved in a dragon boat program
* “Explore the development of social relationships,
social support, and posttraumatic growth among
breast cancer survivors participating in a dragon boat
program”

Question 8

Qualitative Description
* Used by researchers who want to develop a comprehensive description
and summary of a phenomenon or event
o Results in a description of the event or phenomenon in “everyday language”
* Very popular strategy but often may take on the “tones” of other
strategies of inquiry
* Individual or group interviews are typically used to generate data

Question 9

Role of Theory in Qualitative Research
o Theoretical lens:…
o Interpretative framework: …

Qualitative research focus
*“Point of qualitative research is….

Answer 9

o Theoretical lens: Theory could shape the research question(s), participant selection, data generation, and data analysis
o Interpretative framework: Theory is drawn upon to interpret the research findings

Qualitative research focus
*“Point of qualitative research is not to generalize the findings but instead provide in-depth detail and understanding about the topic being discussed

Question 9

• Purposeful sampling
  o
  *

Answer 9

• Purposeful sampling - not random
  o To recruit a sample of information-rich participants who will purposefully inform an understanding of the topic being studied
• Researchers may choose to identify a specific form of purposeful sampling

Question 10

o Extreme case sampling
o Maximum variation sampling
o Snowball sampling

Answer 10

Question 11

• Sample sizes in qualitative studies are relatively …
  compared to most quantitative studies
• Saturation is the idea that…
• Morse (2000) identified a number of considerations
  for determining sample size: ( achieving saturation)
  o
  o
  o
  o
  o

Answer 11

• Sample sizes in qualitative studies are relatively small
  compared to most quantitative studies
• Saturation is the idea that enough data has been obtained and that more data will not improve understanding.
• Morse (2000) identified a number of considerations for determining sample size: ( achieving saturation)
  o Scope of the study
  o Nature of the topic
  o Quality of the data
  o Number of interviews per participant
  o Study designs

Question 12

• … are the most common method for generating data in qualitative research
• Qualitative studies often use … method of data generation
• New or refined methods of qualitative data generation are continuously being published in the research literature

Answer 12

• Interviews are the most common method for generating data in qualitative research
• Qualitative studies often use more than one method of data generation
• New or refined methods of qualitative data generation are continuously being published in the research literature

Question 13

• Typically comprised of three main phases
  o …, …, …
• Interviews can take place:
  o In person, over the telephone, and through various computer software forums
• Interview guide can be:
  o Structured
  o Semi-structured
  o Unstructured (i.e., conversational)
• Interviews are often audio-recorded

Answer 13

• Typically comprised of three main phases
  IQC
  o Introduction, questioning, closing
• Interviews can take place:
  o In person, over the telephone, and through various computer software forums
• Interview guide can be:
  o Structured
  o Semi-structured
  o Unstructured (i.e., conversational)
• Interviews are often audio-recorded

Question 14

Question 15

• Various types of written documents can be used to generate data in qualitative research
  o Public documents: …
  o Written documents …

Answer 15

• Various types of written documents can be used to generate data in qualitative research
  o Public documents: Policies, newspaper articles, historical archives
  o Written documents from participants: Logbooks (e.g., exercise log), personal diaries or letters, performance reports