PSA > Data Interpretation > Flashcards

Data Interpretation Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia?

A
  • Iron deficiency
  • Thalassaemia
  • Sideroblastic anaemia
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2
Q

Causes of normocytic anaemia?

A
  • Anaemia of chronic disease
  • Acute blood loss
  • Haemolytic anaemia
  • Renal failure (chronic)
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3
Q

Causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A
  • B12/folate deficiency
  • Pernicious anaemia
  • Excess alcohol
  • Liver disease
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Haematological diseases beginning with ‘M’: Myeloproliferative, myelodysplastic, multiple myeloma
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4
Q

Causes of high neutrophils? (Neutrophilia)

A
  • Bacterial infection
  • Tissue damage (inflammation, infarct, malignancy)
  • Steroids
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5
Q

Causes of low neutrophils? (Neutropenia)

A
  • Viral infection
  • CLOZAPINE
  • CARBIMAZOLE
  • Chemotherapy/ radiotherapy
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6
Q

Causes of high lymphocytes? (Lymphocytosis)

A
  • Viral infection
  • Lymphoma
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
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7
Q

How to treat chemo/radio induced neutropenic sepsis?

A
  • URGENT IV BROAD-SPEC ANTIBIOTICS
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8
Q

Causes of low platelets (thrombocytopenia)

A
  • Infection
  • Myelodysplasia/myelofibrosis/myeloma
  • Hypersplenism
  • DIC
  • ITP
  • Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

DRUGS:

  • Penicillamine (RA Tx)
  • Heparin
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9
Q

Causes of high platelets (thrombocytosis)

A
  • Bleeding
  • Tissue damage (infection/inflammation/malignancy)
  • Post-splenectomy
  • Myeloproliferative disorders
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10
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia

Hypovolaemic

A
  • Fluid loss (D+V)
  • Addison’s disease
  • Diuretics (any)
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11
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia

Euvolaemic

A
  • SIADH
  • Psychogenic polydipsia
  • Hypothyroidism (can also be hypervolaemic)
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12
Q

Causes of hyponatraemia

Hypervolaemic

A
  • Heart failure
  • Renal failure
  • Liver failure (hypoalbuminaemia)
  • Nutritional failure
  • Thyroid failure (can also be euvolaemic)
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13
Q

Causes of SIADH

A

SIADH:

  • S: Small cell lung tumours
  • I: Infection
  • A: Abscess
  • D: Drugs (carbamazepine, antipsychotics)
  • H: Head injury
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14
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia

A

DIRE

  • D: Drugs (loop/thiazide diuretics)
  • I: Inadequate intake or intestinal loss (D+V)
  • R: Renal tubular acidosis
  • E: Endocrine (Cushing’s/Conn’s)
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15
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia

A

DREAD

  • D: Drugs (potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE-inhibitors)
  • R: Renal failure
  • E: Endocrine (Addison’s)
  • A: Artefact (clotted sample)
  • D: DKA (before treatment –> then see hypokalaemia requiring monitoring/replacement)
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16
Q

Raised urea

Normal creatinine

A
  • Upper GI bleed

- Look at Hb

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17
Q

Causes

a) raised bilirubin alone?

A

Prehepatic

  • Haemolysis
  • Gilbert’s and Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
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18
Q

Causes

b) raised bilirubin and raised AST/ALT

A

Intrahepatic

  • Fatty liver
  • Hepatitis
  • Cirrhosis
  • Malignancy
  • Wilson’s/haemochromatosis
  • HF (hepatic congestion)
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19
Q

Causes

c) raised billirubin and raised ALP

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A

Posthepatic:

  • Lumen: gallstone, drugs causing cholestasis
  • Wall: tumour (cholangiocarcinoma), primary biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis
  • Extrinsic pressure: pancreatic or gastric cancer, lymph node
20
Q

Causes

d) drugs that cause cholestasis? (raised billi and ALP)

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A
  • Flucloxacillin
  • Co-amoxiclav
  • Nitrofurantoin
  • Steroids
  • Sulphonylureas
21
Q

Causes

e) hepatitis/cirrhosis

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A
  • Alcohol
  • Viruses (Hep A-E, CMV, EBV)
  • Drugs (Paracetamol OD, statins, rifampicin)
  • Autoimmune
22
Q

Causes

f) Raised ALP alone?

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A

ALK PHOS

  • A: Any fracture
  • L: Liver damage (post hepatic)
  • K: K for cancer
  • P: Paget’s disease of bone
  • H: Hyperparathyroidism
  • O: Osteomalacia
  • S: Surgery
23
Q

TSH ranges and Levothyroxine doses

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A

< 0.5: Decrease dose
0.5-5: Nil action, same dose
> 0.5: Increase dose

If need to change, change my smallest increment possible if not grossly hypo/hyper

24
Q

Non-drug causes of primary hypothyroidism

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
25
Non-drug causes of secondary hypothyroidism
- Pituitary tumour or damage
26
Non-drug causes of primary hyperthyroidism
- Grave's disease | - Toxic nodular goiter
27
Non-drug causes of secondary hyperthyroidism
- Pituitary tumours
28
Drug causes of hypothyroidism
- Amiodarone - Sulfonylureas - Lithium - Iodine
29
Drug causes of hyperthyroidism
- Amiodarone
30
CXR | White lung marking differentials (4)
- Effusion: unilateral, solid - Pneumonia: unilateral, fluffy - Oedema: bilateral, fluffy - Fibrosis: bilateral and honeycomb
31
CXR | Deviated trachea differentials
- Collapse (towards affected side) | - Pneumothorax (away from affected side)
32
ABCDE of pulmonary oedema
- Alveolar oedema - Kerley B lines - Cardiomegaly - Diversion of blood to upper lobes (dilated upper lobe vessels) - Pleural effusions
33
4 other things to look for and indications
- Costophrenic angles sharp? If not, pleural effusion - Air under R hemidiaphragm? Bowel perforation or recent surgery - Triangle behind heart? Lower lobe collapse - Apices clear? Consider TB or apical tumour
34
Quick way to check if patient on oxygen is hypoxic
Subtract 10 from FiO2 (% of oxygen) | - If PaO2 exceeds this, they are not hypoxic
35
Causes of resp alkalosis
- Rapid breathing (disease or anxiety)
36
Causes of resp acidosis
- Type 2 resp failure causes
37
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
- Vomiting - Diuretics - Conn's
38
Causes of metabolic acidosis
- DKA - Lactic acidosis - Renal failure - Ethanol intoxication
39
Bundle branch block mnemonic and meanings
WiLLiaM MaRRoW LBBB: first QRS in V1 looks like W, first QRS in V6 looks like M RBBB: first QRS in V1 looks like M, first QRS in V6 looks like 6
40
How to calculate ecg rate
divide 300 by large squares between QRS complexes
41
P-waves differentials
- Normal p waves < 1 large square apart = sinus tachy - Constant but > 1 large square = 1st degree HB - Increasing then missing = 2nd degree HB (type 1) - Two or three for each QRS = 2nd degree HB (type 2) - Random (no relationship) = 3rd degree HB/complete HB - No p waves = AF
42
How to work out QRS height
- Add largest deflection of QRS in V1 to that in V6 - If sum > 3.5 large squares --> LVH - Small complexes throughout --> consider pericardial effusion
43
ST segment differentials? (4)
Raised: - Infarction: ST segment flat and raised in some leads - Pericarditis: ST segment convex and raised in all leads Depressed: - Ischaemia: ST segment flat and depressed in some leads - Digoxin Tx: ST segment down-sloping in all leads
44
T wave height
- High: hyperkalaemia | - Inversion: normal in aVR and I, but abnormal in other leads --> old infarction/LVH
45
TSH and T4 levels
Primary hypothyroidism: - Low T4, Raised TSH Secondary hypothyroidism: - Low T4, Low TSH Primary hyperthyroidism: - High T4, Low TSH Secondary hyperthyroidism: - High T4, High TSH
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