What pancreatic enzyme breaks down proteins?
A. Amylase
B. Acetylcholinesterase
C. Trypsin
D. Nuclease
E. Pepsin
C. Trypsin
Trypsin, along with chymotrypsin break down proteins and peptides into amino acids along with carboxypeptidase
Which of the following areas of the plasma membrane is primarily hydrophobic.
A. Extracellular surface
B. Fatty Acid Tails
C. Peripheral Proteins
D. Phosphate Heads
E. Intracellular Surface
B. Fatty Acid Tail
Which of the following is true of enzymes?
A. Do not change the equilibrium constant of a reaction
B. Lower the overall energy change of the reaction
C. Slow the rate of the reverse reaction
D. Donate reactant groups to the reaction
E. Increase activation energy
A. Do not change the equilibrium constant of a reaction.
What best describes the function of desmosomes?
A. Act as a channel for small molecules
B. Allow cell to adhere to the extracellular matrix
C. Cell-cell adhesion and mechanical stability
D. Prevent the passage of material between cells.
C. Cell-cell adhesion and mechanical stability
Proteins that will be secreted are first translated in the ______ and then transported to the ______ for secretion.
A. Nucleus, Golgi
B. Mitochondria, Lysosome
C. Ribosome, Nucleus
D. Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
E. Cytoplasm, Mitochondria
D. Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?
A. CO2, NADH, Acetyl-CoA
B. ATP, NAD+, Acetyl-CoA
C. ATP, NADH, FADH2, Acetyl-CoA
D. O2, NADH, Acetyl-CoA
A. CO2, NADH, Acetyl-CoA
The movement of water soluble molecules attached to carrier proteins across the membrane from higher to lower concentration is called…
A. Active transport
B. Facilitated transport
C. Osmosis
D. Pinocytosis
E. Simple Diffusion
B. Facilitated transport
Which of the following is retained as a protein denatures?
A. Primary structure
B. Secondary structure
C. Tertiary structure
D. Quaternary structure
A. Primary structure
Primary structure is when there is no 3d structure created. It is only the amino acids and the peptide bonds.
Which level of protein structure is characterized by the formation of Beta-pleated sheets?
A. Primary structure
B. Secondary structure
C. Tertiary structure
D. Quaternary structure
B. Secondary structure
Process of elimination. Cant be Primary because that’s just amino acids and peptide bonds linking together. Can’t be tertiary because that’s the creation of the 3d structure. Can’t be quaternary because that’s when there are more 3d structures involved. The missing piece is secondary.
Which best describes the function of feedback regulation of enzymes?
A. The enzyme produced is later used in the reaction
B. The product at the end of a reaction inhibits the enzyme
C. The enzyme increases the enthalpy of the products
D. The enzyme decreases the enthalpy of the products
E. The products of the reaction increases activity of the enzyme
B. The product at the end of a reaction inhibits the reaction
What would be an indication of a non competitive inhibitor?
A. Km increases
B. Km decreases
C. Vmax increases
D. Vmax decreases
D. Vmax decreases
Vmax refers to the maximum speed the enzyme can possibly work at. This happens when every enzyme is busy (fully saturated with substrate)
But when a competitive inhibitor binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme, nothing happens to Km, which is the substrate affinity, meaning the enzymes can still bind to the enzyme normally.
Its the fact that the competitive inhibitor inhibits the enzyme from working at all, which results in the Vmax decreasing.
What proteins do integrins use to connect cells to the extracellular matrix?
A. Desmosomes and fibronectin
B. Adherens junctions and connexons
C. Cadherins and connexons
D. Dynein and cadherins
E. Laminin and fibronectin
E. Laminin and fibronectin
Integrin are the transmembrane proteins that start off on the cell membrane. Later, part of the integrin sticks out in the extracellular matrix and the other part sticks out into the inside of the cell. The integrin protein, on the ECM side of the cell connect to laminin and fibronectin.
Which of the following is associated with receptor mediated endocytosis?
A. Clathrin
B. Dynein
C. Fibronectin
D. Integrin
E. Tubulin
A. Clathrin
Process of elimination. Dynein is a motor protein. Fibronectin and integrin go hand in hand and have no business with receptor mediated endocytosis. Tubulin doesn’t make sense to have during receptor mediated endocytosis.
how are beta oxidation and glycolysis similar?
A. Both occur in the mitochondrial matrix
B. Both require energy investment
C. Both directly generate two ATP
D. Both are examples of substrate level phosphorylation
E. Both contain acetyl-CoA intermediates
B. Both require energy investment
Glycolysis happens in cytosol. Beta oxidation happens in mitochondrial matrix. Glycolysis breaks down glucose (C6) into 2 pyruvates (2x C3) with the use of ATP. Beta oxidation takes stored fats and break them down into C2 units with the use of ATP.
Which of the following is derived from cholesterol?
A. Adenine
B. Triglyceride
C. Pepsin
D. Testosterone
E. Vitamin K
D. Testosterone
Cholesterol is a steroid. The only steroid amongst the choices in testosterone.
Cholesterol is a lipid, as well as a steroid because its structure mimics that of a steroid. Testosterone is made through simple modifications that are made on the cholesterol.
Not a question, just try and learn these words regarding speciation:
- Coevolution: When two different species evolve in response to each other over time.
- Convergent evolution: Unrelated species evolve similar traits because they live in similar environments.
- Divergent evolution: Species with a common ancestor evolve different traits as they adapt to different environments.
- Homologous structures: Structures that are similar because of shared ancestry, even if they serve different functions.
- Allopatric speciation: New species from when populations are geographically separated and evolve independently.
Not a question. You have to know conversions. Study them and apply them:
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 foot = 30.48 cm
1 yard ≈ 0.91 m
1 mile ≈ 1.61 km
1 mm ≈ 0.039 in
1 cm ≈ 0.39 in
1 m ≈ 3.28 ft
1 km ≈ 0.62 mi
1 ounce ≈ 28.35 g
1 pound ≈ 0.45 kg
1 gram ≈ 0.035 oz
1 kilogram ≈ 2.2 lb
1 teaspoon ≈ 5 mL
1 tablespoon ≈ 15 mL
1 fluid ounce ≈ 29.6 mL
1 cup ≈ 240 mL
1 liter ≈ 1.06 quarts
1 liter ≈ 0.26 gallons
1 gallon ≈ 3.78 liters
°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9
°F = (°C × 9/5) + 32
Which of the following is one of the main advantages of internal fertilization compared to external fertilization?
A. Does not require finding a mate
B. Require less complex reproductive organs
C. Does not require mating cells
D. Requires fewer gametes
E. Produces more offspring
D. Requires fewer gametes.
This is because with internal fertilization, the male deposits sperm directly into the females body, closer to the egg.
which element has the smallest first ionization energy?
A. N
B. C
C. B
D. Be
E. Li
E. Li
It is closest to the bottom left of the periodic table. Elements closer to the top right side have a larger first ionization energy
A researcher identifies a protein of interest and notes that it contains a hydrophobic region. Which of the following is it most likely to be?
A. Cytoplasmic protein
B. Histone
C. Lipid molecule
D. Transmembrane protein
E. rRNA
D. Transmembrane protein
The question asks for a protein. That already crosses off lipid molecule and tRNA (nucleic acid). Histones are found in nucleus. Cytoplasmic protein is found in the cytoplasmic, as the name suggests. Final answer is transmembrane protein.
Which enzyme acts in the first step of glycolysis?
A. Hexokinase
B. Lactase
C. Amylase
D. Trypsin
E. Phosphofructokinase
A. Hexokinase
What are the effects of a noncompetitive Inhibitor?
A. Km decreases; Vmax decreases
B. Km increases; Vmax decreases
C. Km increases; Vmax stays the same
D. Km stays the same; Vmax decreases
E. Km stays the same; Vmax increases
D. Km stays the same; Vmax decreases
Km refers to substrate concentration. Meaning, the amount of substrate able to bind to the enzyme. Km is not affected whatsoever.
Vmax refers to the speed at which these enzymes create product. noncompetitive inhibition involves in a noncompetitive inhibitor that binds to the allosteric site of the enzyme that slows down or turns off these enzymes. This affects Vmax.
If a eukaryotic cell were to be centrifuged, all of the following would be expected to be found EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?
A. Flagella
B. Cellulose
C. Vacuole
D. Cytoskeleton
E. Peptidoglycan
E. Peptidoglycan
Set aside the centrifuge part that’s in the question. What the question asks is, “What is found in the cell.” Its simple.
All of the following statements about the right ventricle of the heart are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Contains thinner walls than the left ventricle
B. Pumps blood into the pulmonary artery
C. Pumps blood into the systemic circulation
D. Receives blood from the right atrium
E. Separated from the right atrium by the tricuspid valve.
A. Contains thinner walls than the left ventricle.
When talking about walls about the heart, its referencing the cardiac muscle.
The right side of the heart send deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The lungs is in close proximity to the heart so it requires less stress or cardiac muscle to send it to the lungs.
The left side of the heart is for systemic circulation. It sends oxygenated blood to the whole body, which requires more strength or cardiac muscle.
