Gaius Julius Caesar consul
59
Caesar begins five-year command in Gaul
58
Caesar’s conquest of Britain
55-54
Crassus killed at Carrhae against Parthians
53
Gaul made a province
51
Senate declares martial law against Caesar
7 Jan. 49
Caesar crosses the Rubicon river, thereby declaring civil war
11 Jan. 49
Pompey defeated at Pharsalus by Caesar
48
Caesar assassinated
15 March 44
Brutus and Cassius defeated at Philippi by Octavian and Antony
42
Battle of Actium
2 Sept. 31
Octavian hands back all power to senate
13 Jan. 27
Senate bestows title Augustus on Octavian
16 Jan. 27 BC
Clades Variana and end of major Roman expansion
AD 9
Death of Augustus
14