What are two types of interventions that can save lives?
- social
- medical (prevention)
What are the three domains of public health?
- health protection
- health improvement
- health & social care quality
- > with overlap
What is an example of health protection?
- clean, air, water, food
- communicable disease
- disaster preparedness
- injury control
- environmental health hazards
What is an example of health improvement?
- reducing inequalities
- harm minimization
- education
- research, audit & evaluation
What is an example of health & social care quality?
- health system policy & planning
- legislation & regulation
- efficiency
- evidence-based healthcare
- quality & standards
What is health?
Is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity
What is disease, illness & sickness?
- Disease: is a physiological/psychological dysfunction
- Illness - is a subjective state of the person who feels aware of not being well
- Sickness - is a state of social dysfunction
What are 7 domain of health?
- longevity
- activity
- comfort (subjective)
- satisfaction
- disease
- achievement
- resilience
What are the four main points of the natural history of disease?
- Induction
- Latency (delay)
- Pre-clinical (diagnostic)
- Clinical
What is primary prevention?
- stops induction eg lifestyle & spread
- most preventions
What is secondary prevention?
- disease has started & aim to prevent further spread eg screening & surgery
What is tertiary prevention?
- event has occurred but can prevent it getting worse
What are the two main approaches to prevention?
- Target high risk
- Move whole population
What causes disease?
Each child develops and tests an inventory of causal explanations that brings meaning to the events that are perceived and ultimately leads to increasing power to control those events.
- uses trail & error
What is the definition of cause of a disease?
- antecedent event, condition or characteristics that was necessary for the occurrence of the disease at the moment it occurred, given that other conditions are fixed
- > component causes
What is a sufficient cause?
- a set of minimal conditions and events that will produce a disease (a complete set of component causes)
- often all these factors are not known -> when this is the case be assign the average risk of getting the disease to everyone (although this may be very different)
- may not always be the same components needed
- when there is a consistent component it is referred to as the necessary component
What is interaction among causes?
- Biological interaction is the participation of two component cases in the same sufficient cause
- does not have to be simultaneous
eg head injury leading to a balance issues leading to a fall 5 years later
What are some examples of health protection?
Clean air, water, food
Communicable disease surveillance & control
Fire, radiation, chemical, poison protection
Disaster preparedness
Environmental health hazards
Injury control
Prevent war, nuclear weapons, social disorders
What are some strategies to control communicable disease?
- surveillance (allows early response)
- response to outbreaks
- vaccines
- emergency planning
What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
Epidemic is wide spread, while a pandemic is global
What is the purpose of screening?
To identify people at increased risk of a condition so that prevention intervention can be offered early enough in the natural history of the condition to prevent it’s progression
What are some limitations to screening?
- Have to have the effective intervention established
- Needs to have sufficient accuracy (& produce few false positives & negatives)
- Just because you have a test doesn’t mean that it will be effective
What needs to be considered when evaluating screening?
Take into account: benefits, harms & cost-effectiveness
What are some examples of screening used today?
- prenatal
- mammography
- cervical cancer
- correctional cancer
- prostate cancer
- Chlamydia
