is defined as the irreversible cessation of all vital functions that sustain a living organism. This includes the cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions, as well as the cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem
Death
End of personhood, loss of consciousness and self awareness.
Death (Philosophical/ethical view)
TO ALLEVIATE THE “PHYSICAL SUFFERING”
EUTHANASIA
EUTHANASIA comes from the Greek words: __ meaning (________) and ______________ meaning (__________).
a.k.a
1.
2.
3.
Eu; good; Thanatosis; death; “GOOD DEATH”; “GENTLE AND EASY DEATH”; “MERCY KILLING”
Types of Euthanasia
Passive
Active
Voluntary
Involuntary
Assisted
Indirect
The patient gives informed, explicit consent to end their life.
Voluntary Euthanasia
The decision is made on behalf of an incapacitated patient who is unable to give or withhold consent due to their current health condition, based on the quality of life and suffering.
Non-Voluntary Euthanasia
The termination of a life without the patient’s consent, even when they are capable of giving it, is considered murder and is not a type of euthanasia in the ethical sense.
Involuntary Euthanasia
Involves an action taken by another person (e.g., a doctor) with the intent to end the patient’s life, such as administering a lethal injection.
Active Euthanasia
Involves the withholding or withdrawal of medical treatment that would otherwise prolong life, leading to death by the underlying illness.
Passive Euthanasia
involves providing pain relief, such as high doses of medication, with the foreseen but unintended side effect of shortening the patient’s life
indirect Euthanasia: or double effect euthanasia
is where a medical professional provides the means (like a lethal drug) for a patient to end their own life, but the patient performs the final, fatal act themselves.
Assisted Euthanasia: or physician-assisted dying
A “bad death” or the practice of prolonging life through excessive and futile medical treatments, even when a patient’s prognosis is poor
Dysthanasia
The “art of well-dying,” which focuses on a dignified, natural death. It involves allowing death to occur at its natural time, without the use of disproportionate or unnecessary medical interventions that only prolong suffering.
Orthothanasia
Conditions of the option for Euthanasia
- When the patient is terminally ill or incurable
2.When the patient experiences unbearable suffering - When the patients makes a voluntary decision
4.When the patient’s life is deemed to be not anymore “worth-living”
Death and Euthanasia Across Different Stages/Situations:
- At Birth
- Terminal Stage
- Unforeseen Mishap (Sudden Death / Accident)
It is believed that euthanasia started in ancient __________ and ______ around ____________
GREECE; ROME; fifth century BC.
During ______________, euthanasia was pretty much out of the question.
MIDDLE ages
During _________________, people continued to reject euthanasia and assisted suicide.
17th and 18th centuries
Sir Thomas More is often quoted as being the first prominent Christian to recommend euthanasia in his book Utopia, where they encourage euthanasia when a patient is terminally ill and suffering.
1478-1533
What book did Sir Thomas More write?
Utopia
the first law against assisted killing, known as anti- euthanasia was passed in New York.
1828
in 1828, the first law against assisted killing, known as ____________________ was passed in New York.
anti- euthanasia
the use of morphine and analgesic medications for assisting quick and painless death was suggested.
1870
