Decision Support System PowerPoint

Question 1

What levels of organization exists within a company?

Answer 1

1. Strategic Level (Highest)
2. Tactical Level (Middle)
3. Operational Level (Lowest)

Question 2

What is the logical approach to decision making process?

Answer 2

Decision making as a sequential process driven by diagnosis

Question 3

What are the phases of the Logical Apporach?

Answer 3

1. The Intelligence Phase
2. Design Phase
3. Choice Phase
4. Implementation phase

Question 4

Explain the Intelligence phase

Answer 4

In the intelligence phase the decision maker examines the organization’s environment for conditions that need decisions

Data is collected from a variety of sources and processed

Question 5

Explain the Design Phase

Answer 5

The Design phase defines the criteria for the decision

Generates alternatives for meeting the criteria

Defines association between the criteria and the alternatives

Question 6

Explain the Choice Phase

Answer 6

Involves selecting the best and most effective course of action from the alternatives

Analyzes each alternative and its relationship to the criteria to determine whether it is feasible

A Decision Support System can support this phase through helping sort through possible solultions

Question 7

Explain the Implementation Phase

Answer 7

Organization plans for carrying out the alternative selected in the choice phase and obtain the resources to implement that plan

DSS does a follow-up assessment on how well a solution is performing

Question 8

What is the pragmatic Approach to decision making process?

Answer 8

Decision making as an interwoven problem. Emphasizes the interconnected ness of identifying problems, finding solutions and taking action.

Recognizes that effective decision-making involves a dynamic process where these elemetns are intertwined and influence each other.

Question 9

What are the stages of the pragmatic approach?

Answer 9

1. Problem Initiation and Ideal Solution
   
   • Present a problem while having an idea for a solution
2. Feasibility Analysis and Evaluating
   
   • Inventing, developing, and analyzing possible courses of action until the time a decision is to be made.
3. Choice and Action
   
   • Decision must be made by choosing an alternative and acting.

Question 10

What is a Decision Support System?

Answer 10

An Interactive information system designed to ASSIST decision makers in an organization

Question 11

What are the components of DSS?

Answer 11

1. Database
   
   • Includes internal and external data, and DBMS
2. Model base/ Search
   
   • Mathematical and statistical models
3. User Interface
4. DSS Engine
   
   • Manages and coordinates the major components

Question 12

What are the requirements of DSS?

Answer 12

1. Be interactive and incorporate the human element as well as hardware and software
2. Use Internal and External Data
3. Include mathematical and statistical models
4. Support decision makers at ALL Organizational levels
5. Emphasize semistructured and unstructured tasks

Question 13

What are some types of DSS

Answer 13

1. Communication-Driven DSS
2. Data-driven DSS
3. Document-driven DSS
4. Knowledge-Driven DSS

Question 14

What are some DSS Capablities?

Answer 14

What-if analysis
Goal-seeking
Sensitivity analysis
Forecasting etc.

Question 15

What is an Expert System?

Answer 15

A computer system that emulates, or acts in all respects with the decision-making capabilities of a human expert

• It is a particular kind of knowledge-based system
• The knowledge, stored in the knowledge base, has been taken from an expert in a particular field

Question 16

What are the main components of ES?

Answer 16

1. Knowledge base
   
   • Domain specific knowledge
2. User Interface
3. Database
4. Inference engine
   
   • Draws conclusions from the knowledge base

Question 17

What are examples of early Expert Systems?

Answer 17

MYCIN - Medical diagnosis of illness

DENDRAL
PROSPECTOR

Question 18

What are some limitations of Expert Systems

Answer 18

Cannot generalize through analogy to reason about new situations in the way people can

Time-consuming and labor-intensive task of building an expert system

Question 19

How are Expert Systems applied in real-world Scenarios?

Answer 19

1. Cancer Decision Support Tool
   
   • Help in early diagnosis of cancer
2. Rule-based Expert System in Agriculture
   Eg. Diagnose different types of pests
3. Intelligent Tutoring System

Question 20

How can knowledge be represented in Expert Systems?

Answer 20

In Rule-based Production Systems knowledge is represented as multiple rules
- production rules can be expressed IF-THEN format

The inference engine then determines which rule antecedents are satisfied by the facts

Question 21

What is Inferencing?

Answer 21

Inferencing is drawing logical conclusions and making deductions based on available information and knowledge

Question 22

What are the 2 general methods of inferencing?

Answer 22

1. Forward-Chaining
   
   • Data Driven
   • Reasoning from facts to the conclusions resulting from those facts
2. Backward Chaining
   
   • Goal Driven
   • Reasoning in reverse from a hypothesis
   • A potential conclusion to be proved to the facts that supoort the hypothesis
   • Best for diagnosis problems