1
Q
What did James think about international war?
A
- He believed that it could be legitimate and would take part in a ‘just’ war.
- Overall disliked (especially religious) war, saw himself as rex pacificus
2
Q
Was James’ foreign policy more proactive or reactive? Why?
A
- Even though England beat Armada, not an equal player in European power struggle between France and Spain
- Foreign policy therefore more reactive as England’s role was to be an ally sought by either
3
Q
What did James say in about peace? What date?
A
- 1604
- ‘in peace the towns flourish, the merchants become rich, the trade cloth doth increase and the people of all sorts enjoy free liberty to exercise themselves in their several vocations without peril or disturbance’
4
Q
What was a chief problem with James’ improved relationship with Spain?
A
- Many of his subjects were convinced that Spain and Roman Catholicism continued to be a serious threat.
- Extent of Spanish decline after 1598 bankruptcy and Philip II death not appreciated in England.
- As foreign policy part of royal prerogative, James not always prepared to explain aims and thus was misunderstood
- memories of war with Spain under Elizabeth began to be forgotten such as heavy taxation and loss of life
- belief engendered that war with Spain could pay for itself through privateering preying on Spanish shipping
5
Q
What were James’ actions with foreign policy
A
- Peace with Spain
- Relations with Henry IV of France
- Arbiter and mediator
- Spanish Match
- The Thirty Years War
6
Q
What foreign policy act did James do in 1604, What happened?
Reactions
A
- Treaty of London = Peace with Spain
- Dutch said they would continue to fight, English felt justified making separate peace and transferred soldiers to Dutch regiments
- England continued being trading partner with Low Countries and expanded into Mediterranean
- Brill and Flushing (held as security for loans to dutch) remained in English hands
- positive outcome was trade boomed, expenses reduced, James fulfilled ideals
- however it still cost to maintain garrisons
- opposition from England, largely from those who profited from piracy or had deep-rooted hatred in spain
7
Q
Who did James internationally deal with who was an European anomaly? Why was he an anomaly? What did he want James to do? Why didn’t James do it? What did he see as a threat to his borders? How did he try to solve this threat? How did he die?
A
- Henry IV of France was a Protestant who had become a Catholic, but still championed the Protestant cause in Europe.
- Happy to help Dutch protestants in fight for independence from Spanish Roman Catholics - feared spain - thought that James might do the same.
- James wanted the Elizabethan loans to the dutch repaid first - his idea of help more like diplomatic support
- Dutch agreed 12 year truce w spain 1609
- As Spain still had troops in Spanish Netherlands, Henry saw it as a threat and began making links with German Protestants, hoping to squash Spanish between two enemies
- Wanted to entice James into this alliance - James reluctant, more or less agreed to assist French Kin in 1609-10 against spain and empire
- Assassinated and French intervention collapsed, James not sad
8
Q
What did James mediate internationally?
Reactions?
A
- Helped settle war between Sweden and Denmark 1613
- Negotiated settlement of Julich-Cleves 1614 (Very complex)
- arranged marriage with Frederick V of the Palatine, a leading protestant
- his subjects had favourable reactions as this was what they thought a protestant leader should do
9
Q
why did James want to arrange marriages for Elizabeth and Charles?
A
- James had become scared over French policy: Henry IV’s widow had arrange Louis marriage to a spanish princess - this would create a Catholic power bloc
- James needed a protestant response to maintain balance of power
- James solution was to make links with protestants and build bridges with Roman Catholics so he would be in position to bring camps together
- wanted to use his son charles to achieve this
10
Q
Who arrived in England that encouraged James to arrange a Spanish marriage for Charles
A
1613, Count Gondomar
11
Q
Who favoured the Spanish Match? Who was against it?
A
- The Howards were Catholic sympathisers who favoured the Spanish Match
- Count Gondomar was hopeful that James would convert and the marriage would prevent one being made with France
- The dowry of £600,000 would greatly help the financial difficulties
- The Protestant Council such as Winwood, Neville and Southampton were against the Match
12
Q
Why did the original attempt for a Spanish match fail?
A
- Spain wanted to ensure that England would not help the Dutch when the truce ran out in 1621
- Charles was 14 so marriage not urgent, James realised that the Spanish demands that children be brought up as Roman Catholics and Catholic services for the Infanta were unlikely to be allowed by Parliament
13
Q
When and why did the 30 years war start?
A
- 1618 Protestant nobles in Bohemia revoke their allegiance to Archduke Ferdinand (a catholic Habsburg), therefore rejecting the Holy Roman Emperor
14
Q
Who did the Bohemian nobles offer the throne to after they rebelled? What happened? What did James think?
A
- Protestant nobles offer the Bohemian crown to Frederick, and he accepts, becoming a figurehead of protestant resistance. They established their rule in Prague, and with Frederick as the king of Bohemia, Protestants now had more power than Catholics within the Holy Empire.
- James had been against the acceptance of the crown → he was proved right when Archduke Ferdinand acted against Frederick.
15
Q
What happened to Frederick and Elizabeth after they took the crown?
A
- After the Battle of the White Mountain, they were forced to flee
16
Q
Why were negotiations opened again for a Spanish Match in 1622 ?
A
- James hoped that part of the deal would be that the Spanish Habsburgs would pressure their Austrian relatives to return Frederick to the Palatinate
Foreign policy JAMES
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