Interviewing definition
structured form of interpersonal communication used to gather information, understand client concerns and support behavior change.
The Helping Relationship phase 1 and 2, and goals
Phase 1: build relationship
Goal: understand client concerns, nature of problems from client’s perspective, explore strengths, promote self-exploration and reflection.
Phase 2: facilitate positive action
Goal: clarify target behaviors (client-specific), support planning and problem-solving, promote client ownership of change.
Empathy definition
Ability to step out of our own perspectives and into another, with the awareness that there are realities other than our own. It’s being WITH the client.
Fundamental building block for helping relationship
Open-ended questions definition
Closed-ended
Lead/biased questions
begin an interview, encourage more expression, require more time, request a story, gives control to the client. Needs to be purposeful.
good for gathering information in assessment phase, gives control to practitioner, quick answers, specific info, narrows discussion.
directs response, reflects bias of interviewer
4 parts of an interview
Preplanning
Opening
Body (exploration-education)
Closing
Self-efficacy definition
Strategies to promote self-efficacy as a counselor:
a person’s belief in their ability to perform a behavior successfully. Influences how someone thinks, feels, motivates themselves, and acts. Predicts whether someone will start a behavior, persist or give up.
Strategies:
Identify past successes and strengths
Highlight skills they already have
Setting small and achievable goals
Providing encouragement and affirmations
Reinforcing progress over perfection
Health Belief Model
goal-setting theory based on level of aspiration in which the individual sets the target of future performance based on past performance. Mainly used in public health settings when designing nutrition education activities to enhance awareness and motivation to take action.
States that people’s beliefs influence their health-related actions or behaviors.
Perception of health problems and appraisal of benefits and barriers of adopting health behavior are central to a decision to change.
Perceived benefits > perceived barriers (perceived susceptibility + severity = threat)
Social Cognitive Theory (social learning theory)
claims there is a relationship between behavior, cognitions & personal factors, and external environment and that people learn by observing social interactions and media. Change is affected by a combination of these factors which interact continuously and influence each other. Used in health promotion
Factors: personal, behavioral (self-efficacy) and environmental
Reasoned Action & Planned Behavior Theories
People’s behavior are determined by their intentions, which are influenced by attitudes, social norms and perception of control over behavior
Assumes that people make decisions in a reasonable manner and that they are more likely to engage in a behavior if they intend to do so.
Factors: attitude towards behavior, social environment and perceived behavioral control
Transtheoretical Model (stages of change)
describes change as a cyclical process where change is realized through a series of stages as an on-going process (not an event). Does not predict behavior but instead models behavior change.
2 purposes: helps understand the process of behavior change and develop/select effective intervention strategies.
States of Change
Precontemplation
Contemplation (low self-efficacy)
Preparation (resolve ambivalence, strategy development)
Action (steps have been taken)
Maintenance (6+ months sustaining behavior)
Relapse
Termination (no temptation to revert)
CBT
CBT goal: identify and change unhealthy thought and behavior patterns
Psychological problems (mood) are d/t faulty/unhelpful thoughts and learned unhelpful behaviors
Mood + Thought + Behavior are all interlinked (triangle)
Phases of CBT:
Distinguish between thoughts and feelings, analyze validity of thoughts, learn to interrupt thoughts
Challenge patterns of thinking: replace harmful self monologues with productive self-talk
Stress management, learning to calm one’s mind and body, adding healthy behaviors
