Deck2 Flashcards

Question

corresponding

Answer 1

**matching or connected with something that you have just mentioned** **SYNONYM** equivalent * A change in the money supply brings a corresponding change in expenditure. * Profits have risen by 15 per cent compared with the corresponding period last year. * The Redskins lost to the Cowboys in the corresponding game last year. * Fewer houses are available, but there is no corresponding decrease in demand. * corresponding to something Give each picture a number corresponding to its position on the page.

Answer 2

**a long narrow passage in a building, with doors that open into rooms on either side** * His room is along the corridor. * It was interesting to walk the corridors of my old school. * Narrow corridors lead off from the main hallway. * Portraits line the corridors of the palace. * She led us through a maze of hotel corridors to our room. * The corridor links the old part of the hospital with the new. * The corridor runs down the middle of the building. * The office is just down the corridor on the left. * a corridor that leads to the kitchen * the labyrinthine corridors of the building * Go along the corridor, turn left, and you'll see his office in front of you. **a long narrow piece of land belonging to one country that passes through the land of another country; a part of the sky over a country that planes, for example from another country, can fly through** * UN troops will secure the land corridor so that food supplies can reach the trapped civilians. **a long narrow piece of land that follows the course of an important road or river** * the electronics industry in the M4 corridor * a now-submerged land corridor between northern Africa and southern Europe **(British English) a passage along the side of some railway trains, from which doors lead into separate compartments** **Idioms** **the corridors of power** **(sometimes humorous) the higher levels of government, where important decisions are made** * She had considerable influence in the corridors of power. * She was a minister with considerable influence in the corridors of power.

Answer 3

**(of people) willing to use their power to do dishonest or illegal things in return for money or to get an advantage** * It was seen as the only way to overthrow a corrupt regime. * They promised to seek out the corrupt officials who had accepted the bribes. * one of the most notoriously corrupt city councils **(of behaviour) not honest or moral** * They had been engaged in corrupt practices. * The whole system is inefficient and corrupt. **(computing) containing changes or faults, and no longer in the original state** * corrupt software * The file on the disk seems to be corrupt.

Answer 4

**[uncountable] dishonest or illegal behaviour, especially of people in authority** * allegations of bribery and corruption * The new district attorney has promised to fight police corruption. * He strongly attacked corruption and favouritism in the government. * She was brought down by a corruption scandal. * The corruption allegations proved false. * This police unit was established to fight corruption. * corruption among high-ranking government officials * corruption in government * There were allegations of bribery and corruption. **[uncountable] the act or effect of making somebody change from moral to immoral standards of behaviour** * He claimed that sex and violence on TV led to the corruption of young people. **[countable, usually singular, uncountable] the form of a word or phrase that has become changed from its original form in some way; the process by which a word or phrase changes form in this way** * The word ‘holiday’ is a corruption of ‘holy day’. * He thought it was possible to secure the language from corruption and decay. **[uncountable] [computing] the effect when data is changed by accident in a computer system due to hardware or software failure** * A failure of a hard disk can cause unrecoverable data corruption.

Answer 5

**costing a lot of money, especially more than you want to pay** **SYNONYM** expensive * Buying new furniture may prove too costly. * Synonyms expensive * These measures could be costly to employers. * These teaching methods are too costly in terms of staff resources. * This process is costly in computer time. * The old palace may prove too costly for the Duke to maintain. * You want to avoid costly legal proceedings if you can. **causing problems or the loss of something** **SYNONYM** expensive * a costly mistake/failure * Mining can be costly in terms of lives (= too many people can die). * Privatizing the rail network turned out be a costly mistake for the government. * The six-month delay will be costly for the company.

Answer 6

**a member of a city or county council** * Councillor Ann Jones * Talk to your local councillor about the problem. * He is the area's only Green county councillor. * She served as a Conservative councillor for Harwich for many years. * Talk to your city councillor about the problem.

Answer 7

**counsel somebody to listen to and give support or professional advice to somebody who needs help** * She counsels clients on mindfulness and coping with stress. **(formal) to advise somebody to do something** * **counsel something** Most experts counsel caution in such cases. * **counsel somebody to do something** He counselled them to give up the plan.

Answer 8

**a person who has been trained to advise people with problems, especially personal problems** * I went to see a debt counsellor and she agreed to come to the bank with me. * He talked to a counsellor about his marriage difficulties. * Have you thought of talking to a marriage guidance counsellor? * She turned to a professional counsellor for help. * The centre is staffed by specially trained counsellors. **(North American English, Irish English) a lawyer** **(North American English) a person who is in charge of young people at a summer camp**

Answer 9

**a long flat surface over which goods are sold or business is done in a shop, bank, etc.** * **behind the counter** I asked the woman behind the counter if they had any postcards. * He pushed the money across the counter to me. * He works at the meat counter. * I served behind the counter at the cafe for a few hours a week. * She handed me my coffee over the counter. * The assistant behind the counter gave a curt nod. * The bartender wiped down the counter in silence. * There was a line of people waiting at the checkout counter. * They sat on high stools at the bar counter. * all the goods on the counter * an airline check-in counter * post office counter staff **(also countertop) (both North American English) (British English worktop, work surface) a flat surface in a kitchen for preparing food on** * He put his bags down on the kitchen counter. * The kitchen had black marble counter tops. **a small disc used for playing or scoring in some board games** **(especially in compounds) an electronic device for counting something** * The needle on the rev counter soared. * You need to reset the counter. **a person who counts something, for example votes in an election** * You can get computers to help the counters to count the votes. **IDIOMS** **over the counter** **goods, especially medicines, for sale over the counter can be bought without a prescription (= written permission from a doctor to buy a medicine) or special licence** These tablets are available over the counter. This kind of medication cannot be bought over the counter. **under the counter** **goods that are bought or sold under the counter are sold secretly and sometimes illegally** * Pornography may be legally banned but it is still available under the counter.

Answer 10

**[usually singular] counter (to somebody/something) (formal) a response to somebody/something that opposes their ideas, position, etc.** * The employers' association was seen as a counter to union power. * The government's programme should be an effective counter to unemployment. * an effective counter to the blandness of modern culture

Answer 11

**a person or thing that has the same position or function as somebody/something else in a different place or situation** * The Foreign Minister held talks with his Chinese counterpart. * The women's shoe, like its male counterpart, is specifically designed for the serious tennis player. * **COMPARE** your opposite number * European environmentalists have their counterparts in the US. * The actress who played the Queen looked uncannily like her real-life counterpart. * Women soldiers will join their male counterparts at the army base. * corporations that trade with their counterparts in other countries * the difficulty of translating terms with no direct counterpart in the other language * the modern counterparts of those medieval writers

Answer 12

**very many; too many to be counted or mentioned** * I've warned her countless times. * The new treatment could save Emma's life and the lives of countless others.

Answer 13

**(also coup d’état) a sudden change of government that is illegal and often violent** * He seized power in a military coup in 2008. * to stage/mount a coup * He was sentenced to death for his part in the attempted coup. * a failed/an abortive coup * She lost her position in a boardroom coup (= a sudden change of power among senior managers in a company). * The coup was immediately put down and the plotters were shot. * an army coup against the president * Months of unrest in the company led to a boardroom coup that saw four directors voted out. * The regime was overthrown in a bloodless coup led by young army officers. **the fact of achieving something that was difficult to do** * Getting this contract has been quite a coup for us. * He pulled off a major diplomatic coup by winning agreement from all the warring factions on a permanent ceasefire. * He managed to pull off a major diplomatic coup. * Winning that contract was her greatest coup.

Answer 14

**[uncountable] polite behaviour that shows respect for other people** **SYNONYM** politeness * I was treated with the utmost courtesy by the staff. * We asked them, as a matter of courtesy, if we could photograph their house. * It's only common courtesy to tell the neighbours that we'll be having a party (= the sort of behaviour that people would expect). * He listened to all the complaints with great courtesy. * It's a matter of courtesy to write and thank people after a party. * It's common courtesy to warn your neighbours if your children are going to have a party. * She contacts clients regularly as a professional courtesy. * her unfailing courtesy to everyone * He bowed his head with exaggerated courtesy. * We asked them as a matter of courtesy. **[countable, usually plural] [formal] a polite thing that you say or do when you meet people in formal situations an exchange of courtesies before the meeting** * The prime minister was welcomed with the usual courtesies. **Idioms** **courtesy of somebody/something** **(also by courtesy of somebody/something) with the official permission of somebody/something and as a favour** * The pictures have been reproduced by courtesy of the British Museum. **given as a prize or provided free by a person or an organization** * Win a weekend in Rome, courtesy of Fiat. **as the result of a particular thing or situation** * Viewers can see the stadium from the air, courtesy of a camera fastened to the plane. **do somebody the courtesy of doing something** **to be polite by doing the thing that is mentioned** * Please do me the courtesy of listening to what I'm saying. * She might have done me the courtesy of replying to my letter. **have the courtesy to do something** **to know when you should do something in order to be polite** * You think he'd at least have the courtesy to call to say he'd be late. * You could at least have had the courtesy to let me know.

Answer 15

**[uncountable] the reporting of news and sport in the media** * media/newspaper/press coverage * tonight’s live coverage of the hockey game * There was blanket coverage (= reports everywhere) of the royal divorce. * Media coverage of the march focused on the few fights that broke out. * The TV company was given a special award for its news coverage. * The minister's resignation was given widespread coverage. * The story dominated local news coverage. * The wedding had wide press coverage. * There's been massive television coverage of the World Cup. * There's live coverage of the game on TV. * There was blanket coverage of the attacks. **[uncountable] the range or quality of information that is included in a book or course of study, on television, etc.** * magazines with extensive coverage of diet and health topics * The book gives good, general coverage of the subject. * The volume offers incomplete coverage of the history of philosophy. **[uncountable, countable, usually singular] the amount of something that something provides; the extent to which something covers an area or a group of people** * Immunization coverage against fatal diseases has increased to 99 per cent in some countries. * The service has a coverage of 90 per cent of the UK population. **(North American English) (British English cover) [uncountable] protection that an insurance company provides by promising to pay you money if a particular event happens** * insurance coverage * Medicaid health coverage for low-income families * People fear losing coverage if they switch employers. * the possibility of expanding health care coverage to all

Answer 16

**(North American English also cowpoke old-fashioned or humorous) a man who rides a horse and whose job is to take care of cattle in the western parts of the US** **a man like this as a character in a film about the American West** * old Hollywood cowboy movies **(British English, informal, disapproving) a dishonest person in business, especially somebody who produces work of bad quality or charges too high a price**

Answer 17

**[intransitive, transitive] to break without dividing into separate parts; to break something in this way** * The ice cracked as I stepped onto it. * crack something He has cracked a bone in his arm. * The dish had cracked quite badly. * The leather/mud/paint/plaster had cracked. **[intransitive, transitive] to break open or into pieces; to break something in this way** * **+ adv./prep.** A chunk of the cliff had cracked off in a storm. * (figurative) His face cracked into a smile. * crack something to crack a nut * **crack something + adv./prep.** She cracked an egg into the pan. ** [transitive] crack something/somebody (on/against something) to hit something/somebody in a short hard manner** * I cracked my head on the low ceiling. * He cracked me on the head with a ruler. * He stood up suddenly, cracking his head on the low ceiling. * As I leapt up, I cracked my skull on a beam and passed out. **[intransitive, transitive] to make a sharp sound; to make something do this** * A shot cracked across the ridge. * [no passive] crack something He cracked his whip and galloped away. ** [intransitive] if your voice cracks, it changes in depth, volume, etc. suddenly and in a way that you cannot control** * In a voice cracking with emotion, he told us of his son's death. **[intransitive] to no longer be able to function normally because of pressure** * Things are terrible at work and people are cracking under the strain. * They questioned him for days before he cracked. * The old institutions are cracking. * She is under a lot of pressure but is showing no signs of cracking. * The stresses of his job became too great and he finally cracked. **[transitive] crack something to find the solution to a problem, etc; to find the way to do something difficult** * to crack the enemy’s code * (informal) After a year in this job I think I've got it cracked! * ‘How's the investigation going?’ ‘I think we've cracked it.’ * A team of experts finally cracked the code. * We need some more solid evidence if we're going to crack the case. **[transitive] crack something to find a way of stopping or defeating a criminal or an enemy** * Police have cracked a major drugs ring. **[transitive] crack (open) a bottle (informal) to open a bottle, especially of wine, and drink it** **[transitive] crack a joke (informal) to tell a joke** **Idioms** **crack the whip** *to use your authority or power to make somebody work very hard, usually by treating them in a strict way* **crack wise** *(informal) to make jokes* * This entertainer can crack wise with the best of them. **get cracking** *(informal) to begin immediately and work quickly* **SYNONYM** get going * There's a lot to be done, so let's get cracking. **a hard/tough nut (to crack)** *a difficult problem or situation to deal with* **not all, everything, etc. somebody’s cracked up to be** *(informal) not as good as people say* * He's not nearly such a good writer as he's cracked up to be. **use a sledgehammer to crack a nut** *to use more force than is necessary*

Answer 18

**[countable, uncountable] an activity involving a special skill at making things with your hands** * traditional crafts like basket-weaving * a craft fair/workshop * Sheep shearing is a highly skilled craft. * Subjects taught include art and craft, drama, and languages. * The men practised various traditional crafts, such as carving toys out of bone. **[singular] all the skills needed for a particular activity** * chefs who learned their craft in top hotels * the writer’s craft * comedians plying their craft for an agency * a carpenter who is a real master of his craft **[uncountable] (formal, disapproving) skill in making people believe what you want them to believe** * He knew how to win by craft and diplomacy what he could not gain by force. **[countable] (plural craft) (formal) a boat or ship** * Hundreds of small craft bobbed around the liner as it steamed into the harbour. * a landing/pleasure craft **[countable] (plural craft) an aircraft or spacecraft**

Answer 19

**[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to move forward on your hands and knees or with your body close to the ground** * Our baby is just starting to crawl. * A man was crawling away from the burning wreckage. * She crawled under the fence. * As night fell, we managed to crawl back to our lines. * Has the baby started to crawl yet? * We spent an hour crawling around on our hands and knees looking for the key. * She was forced to crawl along through the thickening mist. **[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) when an insect, a spider, etc. crawls, it moves forward on its legs** * There's a spider crawling up your leg. **[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to move forward very slowly** * The traffic was crawling along. * The weeks crawled by. * The traffic was crawling as I left the city. * The taxi crawled to a halt. **[intransitive] crawl (to somebody) (informal, disapproving) to be too friendly or helpful to somebody in authority, in a way that is not sincere, especially in order to get an advantage from them** * She's always crawling to the boss. **[transitive] crawl something (computing) to search the internet in order to record and list data** * A protocol controls which pages a web crawler will crawl. **Idioms** **come/crawl out of the woodwork** *(informal, disapproving) if you say that somebody comes/crawls out of the woodwork, you mean that they have suddenly appeared in order to express an opinion or to take advantage of a situation* * When he won the lottery, all sorts of distant relatives came out of the woodwork. **make your skin crawl** *to make you feel afraid or full of horror* * Just the sight of him makes my skin crawl.

Answer 20

**the use of skill and imagination to produce something new or to produce art** * Creativity and originality are more important than technical skill.

Answer 21

**[countable] a person who has made or invented a particular thing** * Walt Disney, the creator of Mickey Mouse **[singular] God**

Answer 22

**the quality that somebody/something has that makes people believe or trust them** * to gain/lack/lose credibility * The prosecution did its best to undermine the credibility of the witness. * After the recent scandal, the government has lost all credibility. * The media were talking of a credibility gap between what he said and what he did. * BBC backing for the scheme will enhance its credibility. * Funding from the World Bank lends credibility to the project. * He had instant credibility with customers. * She's been helping to restore market credibility for a new industrial process. * Recommendations from two previous clients helped to establish her credibility. * The administration was facing a credibility crisis. * The certificate has great credibility in France and Germany. * The government is desperate to regain credibility with the public. * The prime minister's credibility suffered in his handling of the crisis. * The use of computer models adds credibility to the forecasts. * There is little credibility among scientists for the book's claims. * her credibility as a witness * This story has no credibility at all.

Answer 23

**that can be believed or trusted** **SYNONYM** convincing * a credible explanation/witness * It is just not credible that she would cheat. * It seems barely credible that anyone could have walked so far in a day. * You need imagination to make what you write fully credible. * It seemed to be a credible account of events. * There's only one credible witness in the case. * They haven't yet come up with a credible explanation. **that can be accepted, because it seems possible that it could be successful** **SYNONYM** viable * Community service is seen as the only credible alternative to imprisonment.

Answer 24

**[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) (of people or animals) to move slowly, quietly and carefully, because you do not want to be seen or heard** * I crept up the stairs, trying not to wake my parents. * I heard someone creeping around the house. * He crept stealthily along the corridor. * She crept up behind me. * I could hear someone creeping around downstairs. * He crept forward towards the sound of voices. * She crept into her sister's room. * The cat was creeping stealthily through the long grass. **[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) (North American English) to move with your body close to the ground; to move slowly on your hands and knees** **[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to move or develop very slowly** * Her arms crept around his neck. * A slight feeling of suspicion crept over me. * A feeling of dread crept over him. * Trucks are creeping along Interstate 70 in convoys. **[intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) (of plants) to grow along the ground or up walls using long stems or roots** **[intransitive] creep (to somebody) (British English, informal, disapproving) to be too friendly or helpful to somebody in authority in a way that is not sincere, especially in order to get an advantage from them** * He's always creeping to the boss. **Idioms** **make your flesh creep** *to make you feel afraid or full of horror* * Just the sight of him makes my flesh creep. * The story made his flesh creep.

Answer 25

**in a way that says what you think is bad about somebody/something** * She spoke critically of her father. **in a way that is extremely important because a future situation will be affected by it** * a critically important decision **in a way that is serious, uncertain and possibly dangerous** * He is critically ill in intensive care. **in a way that involves making fair, careful judgements about the good and bad qualities of somebody/something** * I looked at myself critically in the mirror. **in a way that is connected with the judgement of critics of art, music, literature, etc.** * a critically acclaimed artist

Answer 26

**a piece of written criticism of a set of ideas, a work of art, etc.** * She wrote a feminist critique of Freud's theories. * The book provides a radical critique of modern workplace structures.

Answer 27

**[countable] an object in the shape of a circle, usually made of gold and precious stones, that a king or queen wears on his or her head on official occasions** * The crown was placed upon the new monarch's head. * the emperor's jewel-encrusted crown **the Crown [singular] the government of a country, thought of as being represented by a king or queen** * land owned by the Crown * a Minister of the Crown * Who's appearing for the Crown (= bringing a criminal charge against somebody on behalf of the state) in this case? * a piece of Crown land **the crown [singular] the position or power of a king or queen** * She refused the crown (= refused to become queen). * his claim to the French crown * He succeeded to the crown of Spain. * In 1553 the crown passed from Edward VI to Mary. * In 1688 the crown was offered to William and Mary. **[countable] a circle of flowers, leaves, etc. that is worn on somebody’s head, sometimes as a sign of victory** **[countable, usually singular] (informal) the position of winning a sports competition** * She is determined to retain her Wimbledon crown. * He lost his world crown to the Korean champion. * He won the final race of the season to clinch the world crown. **(usually the crown) [singular] the top part of the head or a hat** * There were raindrops on his bald crown. * She swept her hair into a bun on the crown of her head. **(usually the crown) [singular] the highest part of something** * the crown of a hill * from the crown of the final bend **[countable] the part of a plant just above and below the ground** * Roses bloom on shoots that sprout from the crown of the mother plant. **[countable] the top of a tree or other plant** * Nests were built high in the crowns of trees. **[countable] an artificial cover for a damaged tooth** **[countable] the part of the tooth that is above the gum** **[countable] anything in the shape of a crown, especially as a decoration or a badge** **[countable] a unit of money in several European countries** * Czech crowns **[countable] an old British coin worth five shillings (= now 25p)** **Idioms** ***the jewel in the crown*** *the most attractive or valuable part of something* * The Knightsbridge branch is the jewel in the crown of a 500-strong chain of stores.

Answer 28

**[usually before noun] (of oil and other natural substances) in its natural state, before it has been processed or refined** * crude oil/metal **(statistics) (of figures) not changed or corrected** * the crude mortality rate * We adjusted crude effects for age, education, height and weight. **(of people or the way they behave) offensive or rude, especially about sex** **SYNONYM** vulgar * crude jokes/language **simple and not very accurate but giving a general idea of something** * In crude terms, a heart attack is a plumbing problem in blood vessels around the heart. **(of objects or works of art) simply made, not showing much skill or attention to detail** * a crude drawing of a face

Answer 29

**a journey by ship or boat, visiting different places, especially as a holiday** * I'd love to go on a round-the-world cruise. * a luxury cruise ship * They met on a cruise. * a cruise along the coast * a pleasure cruise around the bay * Modern cruise liners have every conceivable luxury on board. * Now they could afford the world cruise they had promised themselves. * She worked on a cruise ship as a croupier. * They are going on a Mediterranean cruise. * This year's cruise will visit the Norwegian fjords. * We will be taking a cruise down the Nile. * You can take a leisurely cruise on the lake. **cruise verb** * I'd love to cruise down the Nile

Answer 30

**[transitive] crush something/somebody to press something so hard that it is damaged or loses its shape; to press somebody so hard that they are injured** * The car was completely crushed under the truck. * Several people were crushed to death in the accident. * His hand was badly crushed in the accident. * He was crushed beneath a bus. * She was crushed between two cars. * insects that had been crushed underfoot **[transitive] crush something to break something into small pieces or into a powder by pressing hard** * Add two cloves of crushed garlic. * They crush the olives with a heavy wooden press. * Crush the biscuits finely before adding them to the mixture. **[transitive] crush somebody/something + adv./prep. to push or press somebody/something into a small space** * Over twenty prisoners were crushed into a small dark cell. * She was crushed against the wall. **[transitive, intransitive] crush (something) to make something full of folds or lines; to become full of folds or lines** * She crushed the scrap of paper in her hand. * The crisp paper crushed like eggshells in his fingers. **[transitive] crush somebody to use violent methods to defeat people who are opposing you** **SYNONYM** put down, quash * The army was sent in to crush the rebellion. * Attempts to crush serious popular unrest led to civil war. * The government succeeded in crushing the military rising. **crush somebody to destroy somebody’s confidence or happiness** * She felt completely crushed by the teacher's criticism. * He always has this fantastic energy. Nothing can crush him. * Their new self-confidence could not be crushed. **Idioms** **crush it** *(informal) to do something very well or be very successful* **SYNONYM** smash it * She got up on stage and absolutely crushed it—the audience was going wild! * His latest film is crushing it at the box office.

Answer 31

**[countable] a small piece of a substance with many even sides, that is formed naturally when the substance becomes solid** * ice/salt crystals **[uncountable, countable] a clear mineral, such as quartz, used in making jewellery and attractive objects** * crystal earrings **[uncountable] glass of very high quality** * a crystal chandelier/vase * Every table had been set with fine china and crystal. **[countable] a small piece of a mineral that some people believe has the power to bring health or happiness** * She claims that Smoky Quartz is a powerful healing crystal. **[countable] a piece of glass or plastic that covers the face of a watch** **(also meth, crystal meth) (informal) a powerful illegal drug, methamphetamine, that looks like small pieces of glass**

Answer 32

**an action or event that is a signal for somebody to do something** * **cue (for something)** Jon's arrival was a cue for more champagne. * **cue to do something** I think that's my cue to explain why I'm here. * Her husband took his cue, and said that it was time for them to leave. * This remark provided the cue for the crowd to start jeering. * This was the cue for her to come into the room. **cue (to do something) a few words or an action in a play that is a signal for another actor to do something** * She stood in the wings and waited for her cue to go on. * He had not yet been given the cue to go on to the stage. **a long wooden stick with a leather tip, used for hitting the ball in the games of billiards, pool and snooker** **Idioms** **(right) on cue** *at exactly the moment you expect or that is appropriate* * ‘Where is that boy?’ As if on cue, Simon appeared in the doorway. * I can't just cry on cue! * take your cue from somebody/something *to copy what somebody else does as an example of how to behave or what to do* * Investors are taking their cue from the big banks and selling dollars. * They all took their cue from their leader.

Answer 33

**[usually singular] cult (of something) a way of life, an attitude, an idea, etc. that has become very popular** * the cult of physical fitness * the cult of youth **a small group of people who have extreme religious beliefs and who are not part of any established religion** * Their son ran away from home and joined a cult. * the members of a religious cult **(formal) a system of religious beliefs and practices** * the ancient cult of ancestor worship

Answer 34

**cultivate something to prepare and use land for growing plants or crops** * The land around here has never been cultivated. * The land here has been intensively cultivated for generations. **cultivate something to grow plants or crops** * **SYNONYM** grow * The people cultivate mainly rice and beans. * Olives have been cultivated successfully in southern Australia. **cultivate somebody/something (sometimes disapproving) to try to get somebody’s friendship or support** * He purposely tried to cultivate good relations with the press. * It helps if you go out of your way to cultivate the local people. **cultivate something to develop an attitude, a way of talking or behaving, etc.** * She cultivated an air of sophistication. * This modern image is actively cultivated by the company.

Answer 35

**[uncountable, singular] curiosity (about something) | curiosity (to do something) a strong desire to know about something** * Children show curiosity about everything. * I felt a certain curiosity to see what would happen next. * The letter wasn't addressed to me but I opened it out of curiosity. * His answer did not satisfy my curiosity at all. * Sophie's curiosity was aroused by the mysterious phone call. * intellectual curiosity * ‘Why do you ask?’ ‘Oh, just idle curiosity’ (= no particular reason). * Harry's curiosity got the better of him and he unlocked the cupboard * I needed to satisfy my curiosity about what it was like to make records. * Kaylee stood staring with open curiosity. * School should awaken a child's natural curiosity. * She has an insatiable curiosity about life. * The children watched us with mild curiosity. * Their curiosity was aroused by his strange behaviour. * We went to the show out of curiosity more than anything else. **[countable] an unusual and interesting thing** * The museum is full of historical curiosities.

Answer 36

**having a strong desire to know about something** * SYNONYM inquisitive * He is such a curious boy, always asking questions. * curious about something They were very curious about the people who lived upstairs. * curious as to something Everyone was curious as to why Mark was leaving. * curious to do something I was curious to find out what she had said. * Her secretive manner had made me curious. * I was curious about how she would react. * I was intensely curious to know more about him. * I'm just curious to know what you think. * Puppies are naturally curious. * She was curious as to why he was there. **strange and unusual** * There was a curious mixture of people in the audience. * It was a curious feeling, as though we were floating on air. * it is curious that… It was curious that she didn't tell anyone. * a slightly curious statement. * The wine tasted rather curious. * She coped with the frankly curious looks of the men. * I find it very curious that you did not tell anyone.

Answer 37

**the subjects that are included in a course of study or taught in a school, college, etc.** * The school curriculum should be as broad as possible. * **on the curriculum (British English)** Spanish is on the curriculum. * **in the curriculum (North American English)** Spanish is in the curriculum. * Chinese has been introduced into the curriculum as an option. * His disability does not prevent him from following the mainstream curriculum. * More room should be given to foreign languages in the curriculum. * Pupils use computers across the curriculum. * Student choose from optional subjects in addition to the core curriculum. * Students use computers across the curriculum (= in all or most subjects). * Teachers feel that the present curriculum is too narrow. * They all have to study French because it's on the curriculum. * We cover all areas of the curriculum. * the balance of subjects within the curriculum * All children should have access to the mainstream curriculum. * Classroom teachers need to be involved in curriculum planning and development. * Educational inspectors said that the college had failed to deliver the curriculum adequately. * In those days the curriculum was pretty narrow. * Many teachers follow the curriculum to the letter. * Nutrition education is now in the curriculum. * The government is introducing a national curriculum for schools. * These subjects are not part of the core curriculum.

Answer 38

**the legal right or duty to take care of or keep somebody/something; the act of taking care of something/somebody** * Who will have custody of the children? * The parents were given joint custody of the two children. * The divorce court awarded custody to the child's mother. * The parents were locked in a bitter battle for custody. * The bank provides safe custody for valuables. * in the custody of somebody/something The castle is now in the custody of the state. * If valuables are placed in the safe, the hotel is responsible for their safe custody. * The children were under protective custody. * a bitter child custody dispute **the state of being in prison, especially while waiting for trial** * After the riot, 32 people were taken into police custody. * (British English) He was remanded in custody, charged with the murder of a policeman. **She will remain in custody while reports are prepared about her mental condition.** * The opposition leader has been taken into protective custody. * They did not have enough evidence to place her under custody. * They try to keep young people out of custody. * The man died while in police custody.

Answer 39

**pretty and attractive** * a cute little baby * She's so cute! * (British English) an unbearably cute picture of two kittens (= it seems sentimental) * How cute! * She had a cute little nose. * You were such a cute baby. **(especially North American English, informal) sexually attractive** * Check out those cute guys over there! **(especially North American English, informal) clever, sometimes in an annoying way because a person is trying to get an advantage for himself or herself** * She had a really cute idea. * Don't get cute with me!

Answer 40

*(also press cutting)* *(both British English)* *(also clipping, press clipping North American English, British English)* **an article or a story that you cut from a newspaper or magazine and keep** * newspaper/press cuttings * She had kept all the press cuttings about the murder. * a cutting from ‘The Guardian’ **a piece cut off a plant that will be used to grow a new plant** * Take geranium cuttings in late summer. * After about four weeks you will be able to see whether the cuttings have taken. * Take cuttings from mature plants in the spring. * These plants are easy to propagate from leaf cuttings. * You can see whether the cuttings have taken. **(British English) a narrow open passage that is dug through high ground for a road, railway or canal**

Answer 41

**believing that people only do things to help themselves rather than for good or honest reasons** * a cynical view/smile * cynical about something Do you have to be so cynical about everything? * his deeply cynical attitude * Her lips curled into a cynical smile. **cynical (about something) not believing that something good will happen or that something is important** * I'm a bit cynical about the benefits of the plan. * Her experiences with men have made her thoroughly cynical about love. * I'm a little cynical about her motives. **not caring that something might hurt other people, if there is some advantage for you** * a cynical disregard for the safety of others * a deliberate and cynical foul

Answer 42

**[uncountable] milk, cheese and other milk products** * The doctor told me to eat less red meat and dairy. **[countable] a place on a farm where milk is kept and where butter and cheese are made** **[countable] a company that sells milk, cheese and other milk products** **[countable] [New Zealand English] a small local shop** * I went to buy a paper at the corner dairy.

Answer 43

**a barrier that is built across a river in order to stop the water from flowing, used especially to make a reservoir (= a lake for storing water) or to produce electricity** * the Narmada dam in India * The dam burst. * The dam burst and the valley was flooded. * The dam has been breached and there is a danger of flooding. * The dam holds back the water. * a large hydroelectric dam on the Colorado River **(especially South African English) an artificial lake where rain or spring water is collected and stored** * The dam was quite full after the winter. **(specialist) the mother of some animals, especially horses** **(also dental dam) a small rubber sheet used by dentists to keep a tooth separate from the other teeth**

Answer 44

**causing damage; having a bad effect on somebody/something** * damaging consequences/effects * **damaging to somebody/something** Lead is potentially damaging to children's health. * Smoking is damaging to health. * These new measures will do nothing to raise school standards: they may be positively damaging. * A strike would hit public services and be politically damaging for the government. * This was one of the most damaging allegations made against him.

Answer 45

**(not usually used in the progressive tenses) to be brave enough to do something** * She said it as loudly as she dared. * dare (to) do something He didn’t dare (to) say what he thought. * They daren't ask for any more money. * (literary) She dared not breathe a word of it to anybody. * Dare to be different! * There was something, dare I say it, a little unusual about him. * Grammar Point dare * I hardly dared breathe. * I wouldn't dare go by myself. * He didn't dare (to) say what he thought. **[transitive] to persuade somebody to do something dangerous, difficult or embarrassing so that they can show that they are not afraid** * **dare somebody** Go on! Take it! I dare you. * **dare somebody** to do something Some of the older boys had dared him to do it. **Idioms** **don’t you dare!** *(informal) used to tell somebody strongly not to do something* * ‘I'll tell her about it.’ ‘Don't you dare!’ * Don't you dare say anything to anybody. **how dare you, etc.** *used to show that you are angry about something that somebody has done* * How dare you talk to me like that? * How dare she imply that I was lying? **I dare say** **(also I daresay especially in British English)** *used when you are saying that something is likely* * I dare say you know about it already.

Answer 46

**the state of being dark, without any light** * After a few minutes our eyes got used to the darkness. * The house was plunged into total darkness when the electricity was cut off. * The sun went down and darkness fell (= it became night). * There is an extra hour of darkness on winter mornings. * Parking is not allowed during the hours of darkness. * Her face was in darkness. * They managed to escape under cover of darkness. * Her eyes seemed to glow in the darkness. * It was becoming impossible to see the map in the gathering darkness. * The car disappeared into the darkness. * The room was swallowed by darkness. * The valley lay in darkness. * We waited for the darkness to lift. * the inky darkness of the tunnel **the quality or state of being dark in colour** * It depends on the darkness of your skin. **(literary) evil** * the forces of darkness

Answer 47

**an organized set of data that is stored in a computer and can be looked at and used in various ways** * The database is updated monthly. * The new database contains 200 000 images. * We have over 8 000 customer names in our database. * We're trying to create our own computerized database. * a very large database of information

Answer 48

**[uncountable, countable] the time of day when light first appears** * **SYNONYM** daybreak * at dawn They start work at dawn. * It's almost dawn. * We arrived in Sydney as dawn broke (= as the first light could be seen). * I woke up just before dawn. * summer’s early dawns * He works from dawn till dusk (= from morning till night). * The plane took off, leaving London behind in a blue-grey dawn. * COMPARE dusk, sunrise * Dawn was breaking over the valley. * She awoke to another glorious dawn. * He always got up to greet the dawn. * Be prepared for cold nights and foggy dawns in the mountains next week. * Ammunition was seized during a dawn raid on the house. **[singular] dawn (of something) the beginning or first signs of something** * the dawn of civilization/time/history * Peace marked a new dawn in the country's history. * the dawn of a golden age in European ar * We are seeing the dawn of a new era. * This sudden success may prove to be a false dawn. * This appointment marked the dawn of a productive era in her scientific career. **Idioms** **at the crack of dawn** *(informal) very early in the morning* * I have to get up at the crack of dawn. **break of day/dawn** *(literary) the moment in the early hours of the morning when it begins to get light*

Answer 49

**a point in time by which something must be done** * I prefer to work to a deadline. * deadline for something The deadline for applications is 30 April. * It will be a struggle to meet the deadline. * She began to panic as the deadline approached. * The Wednesday deadline passed without any communication from the rebel leader. * The deadline set by the High Court is Monday 3rd March. * We're asking them to extend the deadline. * We're working to a very tight deadline.

Answer 50

**causing or likely to cause death** * SYNONYM lethal * a deadly weapon/disease * He was charged with possession of a deadly weapon. * deadly poison * The cobra is one of the world's deadliest snakes. * The terrorists have chosen to play a deadly game with the civilian population. * (figurative) The loss of skills training was deadly for the economy. ** [only before noun] extreme; complete** * I'm in deadly earnest. * We sat in deadly silence. * They are deadly enemies (= are full of hatred for each other). * The missile found its target with deadly accuracy. **extremely effective, so that no defence is possible** * His aim is deadly (= so accurate that he can kill easily). * It was the deadly striker's 11th goal of the season. * The man possessed an absolutely deadly charm. **(informal) very boring** * The lecture was absolutely deadly. **(also more frequent deathly) like a dead person; suggesting death**

Answer 51

**a person whose business is buying and selling a particular product** * an art/antique dealer * dealer in something He's a dealer in second-hand cars. * Always buy from a reputable dealer. * It is always a good idea to sell through a licensed dealer. * Contact your dealer for more information. * Return the unit to your dealer for repair. * She set up in business as an antiques dealer. * She's a dealer in the financial futures market. **a person who sells illegal drugs** * a crack dealer **the person who gives out the cards in a card game**

Answer 52

**pieces of wood, metal, building materials, etc. that are left after something has been destroyed** * Emergency teams are still clearing the debris from the plane crash. * Several people were injured by flying debris in the explosion. * Debris rained down around them. * Police have spent the day sifting through the debris for clues. * She found a pair of children's shoes among the debris. * The tank exploded, scattering debris all over the field. **(formal) rubbish or pieces of material that are left somewhere and are not wanted** * Clear away leaves and other garden debris from the pond. * the debris of their lunch * Remember to clear the drain of debris regularly. * These worms feed on plant debris.

Answer 53

**the first public appearance of a performer or sports player** * He will make his debut for the first team this week. * the band’s debut album * She’s making her New York debut at Carnegie Hall.

Answer 54

**very important for the final result of a particular situation** * a decisive factor/victory/battle * Climate was a decisive factor in establishing where the tournament should be held. * She has played a decisive role in the peace negotiations. * a decisive step (= an important action that will change a situation) towards a cleaner environment * **Synonyms** essential * It is the chief executive's opinion which is ultimately decisive. * Gettysburg was the decisive battle of the Civil War. * Morrison scored the decisive goal in the 75th minute of the game. **able to decide something quickly and with confidence** * decisive management * The government must take decisive action on gun control.

Answer 55

**the process of deciding about something important, especially in a group of people or in an organization** * responsibility for decision-making * All the staff should be involved in the decision-making process.

Answer 56

**the top outside floor of a ship or boat** * on deck I was the only person on deck at that time of night. * When we heard the alarm, we went up on deck. * **below deck(s) **As the storm began, everyone disappeared below deck(s). **one of the floors of a ship or a bus** * the upper/lower/main deck of a ship * We sat on the top deck of the bus. * My cabin is on deck C. **a floor or platform similar to the deck of a ship** * There is an open-air observation deck on the building's top floor. * He fell from the upper deck of the car park. * a roof/rooftop deck **(also deck of cards) (both especially North American English) (British English usually pack) a complete set of 52 playing cards** **(especially North American English) a wooden floor that is built outside the back of a house where you can sit and relax** * After dinner we sat out on the deck. **a part of a sound system that records and/or plays sounds on a disc or tape** * a cassette/tape deck **a set of slides (= pages created on a computer that contain text and images) that are used to accompany a person’s presentation** * Three slides into my 35-slide deck, they asked me to turn off the projector. **Idioms** **all hands on deck** **(also all hands to the pump)** *(saying, humorous) everyone helps or must help, especially in a difficult situation* * There are 30 people coming to dinner tonight, so it's all hands on deck. **clear the decks** *(informal) to prepare for an activity, event, etc. by removing anything that is not essential to it* **hit the deck** *(informal) to fall to the ground*

Answer 57

**[countable, uncountable] an official or formal statement, especially about the plans of a government or an organization; the act of making such a statement** * to issue/sign a declaration * the declaration of war * the Declaration of Independence (= of the United States) * The declaration asked governments to consider introducing new environmental taxes. * All four countries have adopted the declaration against hunting these rare animals. * The government will issue a formal declaration tomorrow. * the UN declaration on Human Rights **[countable] a written or spoken statement, especially about what people feel or believe** * a declaration of love/faith/guilt * She had been waiting for him to make a declaration of love. * The Russian leader received a ringing declaration of support yesterday. * **Synonyms** statement **[countable] an official written statement giving information** * a declaration of income * customs declarations (= giving details of goods that have been brought into a country) * The company will only provide insurance if the information on the proposal form and declaration is correct and complete. * We were asked to sign a declaration to the effect that we were UK citizens. * False declaration of hours worked may lead to dismissal. **[countable] (British English, politics) an official announcement of the number of votes each candidate has received in an election** * The declaration of the poll will take place tomorrow morning. **[countable] (in cricket) the act of ending an innings before all your players have batted** * After England's declaration at 379 for 6, they overwhelmed their hapless opponents.

Answer 58

**working hard at something because it is very important to you** * **SYNONYM** committed * a dedicated teacher * dedicated to something She is dedicated to her job. * dedicated to doing something The charity is dedicated to serving young people with special needs. * The workforce is small but highly dedicated. * The movement obviously still has its dedicated followers. * The ship was painstakingly rebuilt by a dedicated team of engineers. **[only before noun] designed to do only one particular type of work; used for one particular purpose only** * Software is exported through a dedicated satellite link.

Answer 59

**[uncountable] [approving] the hard work and effort that somebody puts into an activity or a purpose because they think it is important** * **SYNONYM** commitment * hard work and dedication * dedication to somebody/something I really admire Gina for her dedication to her family. * It takes dedication to be successful in a sport. * Not everyone has the dedication and the talent to achieve this. * The job requires total dedication. * You will need dedication and determination to complete the course. * He paid tribute to the high level of dedication and professionalism of the staff. * There was no doubting Luke's dedication to the campaign. **[countable, uncountable] a ceremony that is held to show that a building or an object has a special purpose or is special to the memory of a particular person** * the dedication of a new city church **[countable] the words that are used at the beginning of a book, piece of music, a performance, etc., or when receiving an award, to offer it to somebody as a sign of thanks or respect**

Answer 60

**(VERB) deed something to somebody to give somebody property or rights using a deed** * He deeded the property to his wife shortly before his disappearance. **(NOUN) (formal, literary) a thing that somebody does that is usually very good or very bad** * **SYNONYM** act * It's a stirring tale of heroic deeds. * a brave/charitable deed * She tried to do a good deed every day. * They will be punished for their evil deeds. * She would not be able to relax until the deed was done. * The prince swore she would be punished for her dastardly deeds. * They paid children to do their evil deeds. * demands that the country should apologize for its past deeds * evil deeds perpetrated by wicked people * warriors who performed glorious deeds **(NOUN) a legal document that you sign, especially one that proves that you own a house or a building** * The deeds of the house are missing. * Many of the villagers have no land deeds. * The deeds are perfectly valid legally. * The deeds to the property are with my lawyer. **Idioms** **your good deed for the day** *a helpful, kind thing that you do* * I took Sarah’s children to school so I’ve done my good deed for the day. * She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.

Answer 61

**to have a particular opinion about somebody/something** * **SYNONYM** consider * **deem somebody/something + noun** The evening was deemed a great success. * **deem somebody/something + adj.** She deemed it prudent not to say anything. * I deem it an honour to be invited. * They would take any action deemed necessary. * **deem somebody/something to be something** The strike was deemed to be illegal. * **deem (that)…** Inspectors deemed that the standard of teaching was unsatisfactory

Answer 62

**[uncountable, countable, usually singular] what happens or appears if you do not make any other choice or change, especially in a computer program** * The default is fifty lines. * The default option is to save your work every five minutes. * What is your default browser? * All my life, envy has been my default emotion. **[uncountable, countable] failure to do something that must be done by law, especially paying a debt** * **in default (on something)** The company is in default on the loan. * Mortgage defaults have risen in the last year

Answer 63

**a fault in something or in the way it has been made that means that it is not perfect** * a defect in the glass * Goods with slight defects are sold at half price. * The photograph shows slight defects due to age. * The book contains serious defects. * The builders agreed to remedy the structural defects. * A structural defect meant that the bridge could not be opened in time for the Millennium celebrations. * The inspector found defects in the aircraft's construction. * a fundamental defect in the product * This product is no longer on sale because of a manufacturing defect. * major defects in the education system * a defect of her character * Many people argue that the present system of voting has some serious defects. * The manufacturer is responsible for any defects that may cause damage. * Vulnerable people are going short of money because of defects in the payment system **(sometimes offensive) a physical problem with part of somebody’s body or the way that it works** *Some people dislike the use of defect to refer to a physical problem, as they think it suggests that a person is not as good as other people.* * a speech defect * The child had a mild heart defect. * He has a congenital heart defect. * Congenital defects occurred in 30% of babies born in areas where the weapons were used. * The drug is widely known to cause birth defects. * There is evidence that air pollution can cause birth defects. * Over-breeding in pedigree dogs can cause major genetic defects in puppies.

Answer 64

**a player who must stop the other team from scoring in games such as football (soccer), hockey, etc.** **a person who defends and believes in protecting something** * a passionate defender of human rights

Answer 65

**protecting somebody/something against attack** * As a defensive measure he built a series of coastal forts and watchtowers. * These are purely defensive measures. * Troops took up a defensive position around the town. **behaving in a way that shows that you feel that people are criticizing you** * Don't ask him about his plans—he just gets defensive. * He is extremely defensive about his work. * Her manner was oddly defensive, as he hadn't intended any criticism at all. * Whenever anyone mentions women's rights, he gets rather defensive. **(sport) connected with trying to prevent the other team or player from scoring points or goals** * defensive play * a largely defensive campaign

Answer 66

**[uncountable, countable] the state of not having, or not having enough of, something that is essential** * **SYNONYM** shortage * deficiency (in something) Vitamin deficiency in the diet can cause illness. * deficiency of something a deficiency of Vitamin B * He's suffering from a severe vitamin deficiency. * I've been prescribed iron tablets to make up the deficiency. * Lack of sunlight can cause deficiency in vitamin D. * These symptoms indicate a protein deficiency. * The condition is caused by a deficiency of calcium. **[countable] deficiency (in something) a fault or a weakness in something/somebody that makes it or them less successful** * deficiencies in the computer system * He considers the lack of central control to be a serious deficiency. * serious deficiencies in the health service * The deficiencies in their argument are easy to spot. * Unless these underlying deficiencies are rectified the system can never be efficient. * The deficiencies of medical care in poorer areas are many.

Answer 67

**(economics) the amount by which money spent or owed is greater than money earned in a particular period of time** * a budget/trade deficit * **in deficit** The trade balance has been in deficit for the past five years. * a budget deficit running at 7% of GDP * the US trade deficit with Japan * We are facing a substantial trade deficit. * The US trade deficit ballooned to a record $167 billion. * The UK remained in deficit with all countries outside the EU. * If the government didn't run such huge deficits, the country would not have financial problems. * The company has run up a deficit of £30 000. * The government was forced to sell state-owned companies to fund the budget deficit. * The trade balance shows a deficit of two million dollars. * You cannot cut a budget deficit simply by raising taxes. * to prevent the country from moving into deficit **(formal) the amount by which something, especially an amount of money, is too small or smaller than something else** * There's a deficit of $3 million in the total needed to complete the project. * The team has to come back from a 2–0 deficit in the first half. * We will find it hard to make up this deficit. * United are hoping to overturn a two-goal deficit from the first leg.

Answer 68

**defy somebody/something to refuse to obey or show respect for somebody in authority, a law, a rule, etc.** * I wouldn't have dared to defy my teachers. * Hundreds of people today defied the ban on political gatherings. * He is willing to defy his own party. * Journalists were openly defying the authorities. * The protesters continued to defy a court injunction. **defy belief, explanation, description, etc. to be impossible or almost impossible to believe, explain, describe, etc.** * a political move that defies explanation * The beauty of the scene defies description. * His face was so odd that it defies description.defy belief, explanation, description, etc. to be impossible or almost impossible to believe, explain, describe, etc. * a political move that defies explanation * The beauty of the scene defies description. * His face was so odd that it defies description. **defy something to successfully resist something to a very unusual degree** * The baby boy defied all the odds and survived (= stayed alive when it seemed certain that he would die). **Idioms** **I defy you/anyone to do something** *used to say that somebody should try to do something, as a way of emphasizing that you think it is impossible to do it* * I defy anyone not to cry at the end of the film. * I defy you to leave without buying something.

Answer 69

**a person who is chosen or elected to represent the views of a group of people and vote and make decisions for them** * Congress delegates rejected the proposals. * The delegates voted to support the resolution. * a delegate from the local Labour party * the British delegate to the United Nations **a person who attends a conference** * The conference was attended by delegates from 56 countries. * They decided not to send a delegate to the conference.

Answer 70

**[countable + singular or plural verb] a group of people who represent the views of an organization, a country, etc.** * the Dutch delegation to the United Nations * a delegation of teachers * A well-known academic will head the delegation. * The British delegation walked out of the discussions in protest. * The Prime Minister met with an all-party delegation from the city council. * The delegation included representatives from nine nations. * The delegation will visit several Middle Eastern countries for talks. * The government invited an international delegation to inspect the plant. * a delegation representing the new regime * an official delegation from Austria * We have arranged a meeting with a high-powered delegation of Asian business leaders. **[uncountable] the process of giving somebody work or responsibilities that would usually be yours** * delegation of authority/decision-making * All managers should learn effective delegation. * Many of these tasks can be dealt with by delegation. * delegation of responsibility

Answer 71

***delete something (from something)* to remove something that has been written or printed, or that has been stored on a computer** * Your name has been deleted from the list. * This command deletes files from the directory. * (British English) Mr/Mrs/Ms (delete as appropriate) * Delete the word ‘it’ and insert ‘them’. * The file had been accidentally deleted. * I deleted your last email by mistake—could you send it again?

Answer 72

**easily damaged or broken** * **SYNONYM** fragile * delicate china teacups * The eye is one of the most delicate organs of the body. * the delicate ecological balance of the rainforest * Babies have very delicate skin. * a cool wash cycle for delicate fabrics * Her bones felt as delicate as a bird's. * The glasses looked very delicate. **(of a person) not strong and easily becoming ill** * a delicate child/constitution * His health had always been delicate. * She has a delicate constitution and has to be careful with what she eats. * a rather delicate child **small and having a beautiful shape or appearance** * his delicate hands **made or formed in a very careful and detailed way** * the delicate mechanisms of a clock **showing or needing careful or sensitive treatment** * I admired your delicate handling of the situation. * a delicate problem * The delicate surgical operation took five hours. * This is a somewhat delicate subject. * a politically delicate situation * I wasn't sure how to approach the delicate matter of pay. * He warned that the talks were at a very delicate stage. * This has done nothing except to inflame an already delicate situation. **(of colours, flavours and smells) light and pleasant; not strong** * **SYNONYM** subtle * a delicate fragrance/flavour * a river scene painted in delicate watercolours

Answer 73

**very pleased** * a delighted smile * **delighted to do something** I'd be absolutely delighted to come. * ‘Can you stay for dinner?’ ‘I’d be delighted (to)!’ * **delighted that…** I was delighted that you could stay. * **delighted by something** She was delighted by the news of the wedding. * **delighted at something** They were highly delighted at the court's decision. * **delighted with something** I was delighted with my presents. * **delighted about something** We are delighted about the decision. * **delighted for somebody** I was so pleased and delighted for him when he started losing weight. * I'm delighted to see you all. * We were delighted to hear of your success. * Mrs Cartwright said she would be only too delighted to present the prizes. * They were delighted with the results.

Answer 74

**[uncountable] a system of government in which the people of a country can vote to elect their representatives** * parliamentary democracy * the principles of democracy **a pro-democracy demonstration in the capital** * the need to overcome political apathy and advance on the road to democracy **[countable] a country that has this system of government** * Western democracies * I thought we were supposed to be living in a democracy. * We live in a multi-party democracy **[uncountable] fair and equal treatment of everyone in an organization, etc., and their right to take part in making decisions** * the fight for justice and democracy * people who believe in true democracy

Answer 75

**(of a country, state, system, etc.) controlled by representatives who are elected by the people of a country; connected with this system** * a democratic country * a democratic system * democratic government * They are aiming to make the institutions of the EU truly democratic. * Exercise your democratic right to vote. * There have been major changes in the constitution, but the system remains democratic. * They have a fairly democratic form of government. **based on the principle that all members have an equal right to be involved in running an organization, etc.** * democratic participation * a democratic decision **based on the principle that all members of society are equal rather than divided by money or social class** * a democratic society * democratic reforms * In 1776 these were considered dangerously democratic principles. **Democratic (abbreviation Dem., D) connected with the Democratic Party in the US** * the Democratic senator from Oregon

Answer 76

**an evil spirit** * The people believed the girl was possessed by demons. * demons torturing the sinners in Hell * an ancient ritual to exorcise demons * tales of travellers attacked by evil demons **something that causes a person to worry and makes them unhappy** * the demons of jealousy * She's had to battle her personal demons throughout her adult life. * He is plagued by demons which go back to his traumatic childhood. **(informal) a person who does something very well or with a lot of energy** * He skis like a demon. * He’s a demon: he gets up early, he works out, he goes home early, he studies, he works out again… **Idioms** **the demon drink** *(British English, humorous) alcoholic drink*

Answer 77

**(also informal demo especially in British English)** **[countable] demonstration (against somebody/something) a public meeting or a march (= an organized walk by many people) at which people show that they are protesting against or supporting somebody/something** * to take part in/go on a demonstration * to hold/stage a demonstration * mass demonstrations in support of the exiled leader * anti-government demonstrations * a peaceful/violent demonstration * I'll give a quick demonstration of some first-aid techniques. * Police in riot gear dispersed the demonstration. * Taxi drivers staged a demonstration against the new law. * The demonstration was called off at the last minute. * The government does not wish to provoke further demonstrations. * The president's decision provoked public demonstrations. * The strike was a dramatic demonstration of the power of the workforce. * The visiting president was greeted by hostile demonstrations. * Thousands gathered for a peaceful demonstration. * a protest demonstration against the war * demonstrations calling for an end to sanctions * demonstrations in protest at the arrests * demonstrations in protest of the administration * mass demonstrations against cuts in the health service * physical demonstrations of affection * police intervention at demonstrations * student demonstrations in favour of a multi-party system * As a student, she had taken part in many demonstrations. * Protesters go on demonstrations, armed with flowers to give to the police. * She was given to quite embarrassing public demonstrations of emotion. * The election results gave ample demonstration of collapsing support for the Communist Party. * The performance was a remarkable demonstration of his abilities. * There were mass demonstrations in support of the exiled leader. * They are holding a peaceful demonstration in Central Park. * This is a clear demonstration of how something that seems simple can turn out to be very complicated. * We bought the demonstration model at half price. * We were given a brief demonstration of the computer's functions. **[countable, uncountable] an act of showing or explaining how something works or is done** * We were given a brief demonstration of the computer's functions. * a practical demonstration * a demonstration model (= a model used to show how something works) * Sandra and Nigel provided a demonstration of salsa dance steps. **[countable, uncountable] an act of giving proof or evidence for something** * a demonstration of the connection between the two sets of figures * a demonstration of how something that seems simple can turn out to be very complicated **[countable] an act of showing a feeling or an opinion** * a public demonstration of affection * a demonstration of support for the reforms

Answer 78

**[countable] a statement that something is not true or does not exist; the action of denying something** * **denial (of something)** the prisoner’s repeated denials of the charges against him * The terrorists issued a denial of responsibility for the attack. * **denial that…** There was an official denial that there would be an election before the end of the year. * **in denial** She shook her head in denial. * His question was greeted with a chorus of denials. * Jefferson made no denial of his actions on that night. * The chairman of the company issued a denial of the allegations. * The document contains an explicit denial that the company ever sold arms. * When I asked if she had cheated in the exam, she answered with a vehement denial. * a denial from senior officials **[countable, uncountable] a denial of something an act of refusing to allow somebody to have something they have a right to expect** * Pressure groups have drawn attention to the denial of human rights in some areas. * The advertising ban is a denial of freedom of speech. **[uncountable] the act of refusing to accept that something unpleasant or painful is true** * in denial The patient is still in denial. * Some people are in denial about the situation.

Answer 79

**to strongly criticize somebody/something that you think is wrong, illegal, etc.** * **denounce somebody/something** She publicly denounced the government's handling of the crisis. * **denounce somebody/something as something** The project was denounced as a scandalous waste of public money. * The government was bitterly denounced for the emergency measures. * These new regulations have been widely denounced. **to tell the police, the authorities, etc. about somebody’s illegal political activities** * **denounce somebody as something** They were denounced as spies. * **denounce somebody (to somebody)** Many people denounced their neighbours to the secret police. * Someone in the village must have denounced them to the authorities.

Answer 80

**containing a lot of people, things, plants, etc. with little space between them** * a dense crowd/forest * areas of dense population * The forest is quite dense at that point. **difficult to see through** * **SYNONYM** thick * dense fog/smoke/fumes * The fog was getting very dense. **(informal) stupid** * How can you be so dense? * John's all right, but he can be a bit dense sometimes. **difficult to understand because it contains a lot of information** * a dense piece of writing **(specialist) heavy in relation to its size** * Less dense substances move upwards to form a crust. * All that is left of the star is a small, dense core.

Answer 81

**[uncountable] the quality of being dense; the degree to which something is dense** * The population density in this city is very high. * low density forest * an average density of 2.4 people per hectare **[countable, uncountable] [physics] how thick a solid, liquid or gas is, measured by its mass per unit of volume** * the density of a gas * similar stars of the same mass and density * Vitamin D deficiency causes a loss of bone density. **(computing) the amount of space available on a disk for recording data**

Answer 82

**[intransitive, transitive] to leave a place, especially to start a trip** * **depart (for…) (from…)** Flights for Rome depart from Terminal 3. * She waited until the last of the guests had departed. * **depart something (North American English)** The train departed Amritsar at 6.15 p.m. * **OPPOSITE** arrive * He departs for New York tomorrow morning. * The plane was scheduled to depart at 8.30. * The plane was scheduled to depart later that day. * They shook hands all round and prepared to depart. * We depart from Heathrow at ten o'clock tonight. * Most of the tourists had departed the area. * This train will depart in three minutes. * You must depart for England immediately. **[intransitive, transitive] (North American English) to leave your job** * the departing president * **depart something** He departed his job December 16. * He departed the troubled firm after less than a year in the post. * Giving a large pay-off to a departing executive may be seen as rewarding failure. **Idioms** ***depart this life*** * to die. People say ‘depart this life’ to avoid saying ‘die’.

Answer 83

**the state of needing the help and support of somebody/something in order to survive or be successful** * Our relationship was based on mutual dependence. * financial/economic dependence * **dependence on/upon somebody/something** his dependence on his parents * the dependence of Europe on imported foods * **OPPOSITE** independence * The government wants to reduce industry's dependence on coal. * a heavy dependence on imported materials * her economic dependence on her husband * his total dependence on his family * Their relationship is based on a strong mutual dependence. **(also dependency) the state of being addicted to something (= unable to stop taking or using it)** * drug/alcohol dependence * dependence on alcohol **dependence of A and B (specialist) the fact of one thing being affected by another** * the close dependence of soil and landforms

Answer 84

**needing somebody/something in order to survive or be successful** * a woman with several dependent children * **dependent on/upon somebody/something** You can't be dependent on your parents all your life. * **dependent on/upon somebody/something for something** The festival is heavily dependent on sponsorship for its success. * 74% of people in the survey were at least partially dependent on their cars. * Jane had never met anyone so utterly dependent. * Many of the patients are closely dependent on staff for day-to-day emotional support. * Modern science is critically dependent on high-performance computing. * Small companies are dependent upon the local economy. * The country is heavily dependent on oil and gas imports. * The land is dry and wholly dependent on irrigation. * The various organs of the body do not function in isolation but are mutually dependent. **dependent on/upon something addicted to something (= unable to stop taking or using it)** * to be dependent on drugs **dependent on/upon something (formal) affected or decided by something** * A child's development is dependent on many factors. * The price is dependent on how many extras you choose. * Your access to a good education is largely dependent on where you live. * The amount of benefit you receive is entirely dependent on the amount you have paid in. **dependent on something (grammar) (of a clause, phrase or word) secondary to another clause, phrase or word** * The word ‘because’ forces the clause to be dependent on some other main clause.

Answer 85

**to show an image of somebody/something in a picture** * **depict somebody/something (as somebody/something)** a painting depicting the Virgin and Child * **depict somebody/something doing something** The artist had depicted her lying on a bed. * The carving clearly depicts a dragon inside a circle. * paintings depicting scenes from mythology * The panels depict scenes from the life of St Ursula. **to describe something in words, or give an impression of something in words or with a picture** * **depict somebody/something** The novel depicts French society in the 1930s. * **depict somebody/something as somebody/something** The advertisements depicted smoking as glamorous and attractive.

Answer 86

***deploy somebody/something* to move soldiers or weapons into a position where they are ready for military action** * 2 000 troops were deployed in the area. * At least 5 000 missiles were deployed along the border. * Tanks were deployed effectively during the long campaign. ***deploy something (formal)* to use something effectively** * to deploy arguments/resources * She rejected the arguments that had been deployed against her.

Answer 87

**[uncountable, countable] the act of moving soldiers or weapons into a position where they are ready for military action** * the deployment of peacekeeping forces * troop deployments **[uncountable] (formal) the act of using something effectively** * the deployment of resources/staff

Answer 88

**[usually singular] a sum of money that is given as the first part of a larger payment** * **SYNONYM** down payment * They normally ask you to pay $100 (as a) deposit. * All deposits are non-refundable. * deposit on something (British English) We've put down a five per cent deposit on the house. * I had to leave a €50 deposit on the bike. * We've put down the deposit on our new car. * The shop said it would reserve the rug for him if he paid £20 as a deposit. * All deposits for holiday cottages are refundable. **[usually singular] a sum of money that is paid by somebody when they rent something and that is returned to them if they do not lose or damage the thing they are renting** * to pay a deposit * They'll probably ask you to leave a deposit. * The car costs $50 per day in rental, plus a $200 deposit which you will get back at the end of the week. * You'll get back your deposit once we've checked the bikes are all right. * If furniture is damaged, you will forfeit your deposit. * You have to pay a deposit of $1 200 as well as two months' rent. **a sum of money that is paid into a bank account** * Deposits can be made at any branch. * **OPPOSITE** withdrawal * Bank deposits have increased by 2.3%. * She made a deposit of £60 into her account. **(in the British political system) the amount of money that a candidate in an election to Parliament has to pay, and that is returned if he/she gets enough votes** * All the other candidates lost their deposits. **a layer of a substance that has formed naturally underground** * mineral/gold/coal deposits * The region has many deposits of valuable oil. * an area with large mineral deposits **a layer of a substance that has been left somewhere, especially by a river, flood, etc., or is found at the bottom of a liquid** * The rain left a deposit of mud on the windows. * fatty deposits in the arteries of the heart * glacial deposits * The floods left a thick deposit of mud over the fields. **Idioms** **on deposit** *(of money) placed in a deposit account* * With interest rates so low, there is little point in having cash on deposit.

Answer 89

**[uncountable] a medical condition in which a person feels very sad, anxious and without hope and often has physical symptoms such as being unable to sleep, etc.** * She was diagnosed as having clinical depression. * She suffered from severe depression after losing her job. * He had a family history of depression. * Depression does not always have a particular cause. * Bereavement can often lead to depression. * Depression affects a surprising number of people. * He was in a state of acute depression. * He's been off work for months with depression. * Her depression has lifted now. * His wife had left him and he was being treated for depression. * She had been receiving medical treatment for depression. * She was gradually coming out of her depression. * The actor says he suffers frequent bouts of depression. * The onset of depression often follows a traumatic event. * a new drug used to treat depression **[uncountable, countable] the state of feeling very sad and without hope** * There was a feeling of gloom and depression in the office when the news of the job cuts was announced. * These results should not be a cause for depression. * Her mood swung from the depths of depression to coping well. * It is easy to slip into a mood of depression. * moments of deep depression * She fell into a black depression and refused to leave her room. * I was in the depths of depression after receiving my exam results. * In a fit of depression, she threw away all her books. **[countable, uncountable] a period when there is little economic activity and many people are poor or without jobs** * The country was in the grip of (an) economic depression. * the great Depression of the 1930s * He grew up during the Great Depression of the 1930s. * Many people lost their jobs in the great depression of the 1930s. * The country is experiencing a severe economic depression. * periods of severe economic depression * The housing market has gone into depression. * The depression seems to be deepening. **(formal) a part of a surface that is lower than the parts around it** * **SYNONYM** hollow * Rainwater collects in shallow depressions on the ground. * From the air, the photos show a shallow depression on the planet's surface. **(specialist) a weather condition in which the pressure of the air becomes lower, often causing rain** * an atmospheric depression moving east from the Atlantic

Answer 90

**to prevent somebody from having or doing something, especially something important** * They were imprisoned and deprived of their basic rights. * Why should you deprive yourself of such simple pleasures?

Answer 91

**a person who is the next most important person below a business manager, a head of a school, a political leader, etc. and who does that person’s job when they are away** * I'm acting as deputy till the manager returns. * She was appointed deputy head of the school. * A new deputy has not yet been appointed. * She is acting as deputy to the chairman of the board. * a former deputy chairman of the Democratic Party **the name for a member of parliament in some countries** * 23 women were among the 77 deputies elected. **(in the US) a police officer who helps the sheriff of an area**

Answer 92

**to come or develop from something** * The word ‘politics’ is derived from a Greek word meaning ‘city’. * This income was derived directly from his writing. * Wealth and position in society derived largely from land ownership. **(formal) to get something from something** * He derived great pleasure from painting. * Females and cubs clearly derive some benefit from living in groups. * We can derive some comfort from this fact. **(specialist) to obtain a substance from something** * The new drug is derived from fish oil.

Answer 93

**(formal) to come or go down from a higher to a lower level** * The plane began to descend. * The results, ranked in descending order (= from the highest to the lowest) are as follows… * descend something She descended the stairs slowly. * **OPPOSITE** ascend **(formal) (of a hill, etc.) to slope downwards** * At this point the path descends steeply. **(literary) (of night, darkness, a mood, etc.) to arrive and begin to affect somebody/something** * **SYNONYM** fall * Night descends quickly in the tropics. * **descend on/upon somebody/something** Calm descended on the crowd.

Answer 94

**[countable, usually singular] an action of coming or going down** * The plane began its descent to Heathrow. * (figurative) the country’s swift descent into anarchy * **OPPOSITE** ascent * I made a slow and painful descent down the stairs. * The engines failed on the plane's descent to Newark. * The plane was making its final descent so we had to fasten our seat belts. * The space capsule used parachutes to slow its descent. * They began the difficult descent of the mountain's south face. * We slowed the balloon's rate of descent. * (figurative) his descent into alcoholism * the descent from the top of the mountain **[countable] a slope going downwards** * There is a gradual descent to the sea. **[uncountable] a person’s family origins** * **SYNONYM** ancestry * to be of Scottish descent * ** descent from somebody** He traces his line of descent from the Stuart kings. * She claims direct descent from Queen Victoria. * Humans and other apes followed separate lines of descent from a common ancestor. * She is Hungarian by descent. * She is of mixed European and African descent. * groups sharing common descent * people of West Indian descent * Most European languages have a common descent.

Answer 95

**[often passive] to say officially that somebody/something has a particular character or name; to describe somebody/something in a particular way** * **be designated (as) something** This area has been designated (as) a National Park. * The school has been designated a specialist science academy. * **be designated (as being/having something)** Several pupils were designated as having moderate or severe learning difficulties. * a designated nature reserve * designated seats for the elderly * These areas have been specially designated for children. * In 2017 Hull was designated (as) the UK City of Culture. * The area has now been formally designated as a Site of Special Interest. **to choose or name somebody for a particular job or position** * **designate somebody/something** The director is allowed to designate his/her successor. * **designate somebody (as) something** Who has she designated (as) her deputy? * **designate somebody to do something** the man designated to succeed the president **[often passive] to show something using a particular mark or sign** * be designated (by something) The different types are designated by the letters A, B and C.

Answer 96

**(formal) that you would like to have or do; worth having or doing** * She chatted for a few minutes about the qualities she considered desirable in a secretary. * Such measures are desirable, if not essential. * The house has many desirable features. * Experience of computers is highly desirable. * **It is desirable that… (British English)** It is desirable that interest rates should be reduced. * **(especially North American English)** It is desirable that interest rates be reduced. * **It is desirable (for somebody) (to do something)** It is no longer desirable for such young children to take formal written tests. * **OPPOSITE** undesirable * A new direction was felt desirable for both parties. * It is clearly desirable that domestic and European law should be compatible. * It is clearly desirable to have a common set of principles throughout the industry. * This kind of work is seen as desirable. * An end to the hostilities remains a highly desirable objective. * a desirable home/feature/residence/property/area **(of a person) causing other people to feel sexual desire** * She suddenly saw herself as a desirable young woman. * He found her intensely desirable.

Answer 97

**a screen on a computer that shows the icons of programs and files that can be used** * desktop icons **the top of a desk** **(also desktop computer) a computer with a keyboard, screen and main processing unit that fits on a desk**

Answer 98

**in a way that shows you have little hope and are ready to do anything without worrying about danger to yourself or others** * She looked desperately around for a weapon. **extremely, especially when talking about bad situations** * desperately ill/unhappy/lonely * He grew up desperately poor. **very much, especially when talking about difficult or bad situations** * They desperately wanted a child. * He took a deep breath, desperately trying to keep calm

Answer 99

**the act of destroying something; the process of being destroyed** * the destruction of the rainforests * a tidal wave bringing death and destruction in its wake * The central argument is that capitalism sows the seeds of its own destruction (= creates the forces that destroy it). * By doubling its prices, the industry sowed the seeds of its own destruction. * Children will quickly test their toys to destruction. * He gasped as he saw how much destruction she had wrought with the hammer. * He had miraculously survived the destruction of the spacecraft. * He witnessed the destruction of most of his work in a studio fire. * Some shopkeepers closed early to prevent the wholesale destruction of their property by the hooligans. * The earthquake caused loss of life and property destruction. * The tornado left a trail of destruction behind it. * Three of the paintings escaped destruction. * a war of mutual destruction * the destruction brought about by war * the environmental destruction caused by road building * the threat of nuclear destruction which haunts the post-war world * the wanton destruction of public property * those who seek the destruction of our way of life

Answer 100

**causing destruction or damage** * The war demonstrated the destructive power of modern weapons. * the destructive effects of anxiety * Opencast coal mining is among the most environmentally destructive activities carried out in Wales. * It was a very short-sighted and ultimately destructive plan. * These substances can be destructive to health. * downright destructive behaviour * environmentally destructive policies * potentially destructive emotions * People have to learn how to handle destructive emotions like anger. **negative or not helpful** * destructive behaviour/impulses/tendencies * destructive emotions that fuel anger and self-pity * They don't think about how damaging and destructive their words are.

Answer 101

***detain somebody* to keep somebody in an official place, such as a police station, a prison or a hospital, and prevent them from leaving** * One man has been detained for questioning. * He has been detained without trial for nearly two years now. * He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group. * Over 60 people have been detained in connection with the coup attempt. * Prisoners cannot be detained indefinitely without charge. * She was arrested and detained for distributing pro-democracy leaflets. * The law allows police to detain suspects for questioning for up to 48 hours. * Two people were detained in hospital following the crash. * Two men have been detained in custody.He has been detained without trial for nearly two years now. * He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group. * Over 60 people have been detained in connection with the coup attempt. * Prisoners cannot be detained indefinitely without charge. * She was arrested and detained for distributing pro-democracy leaflets. * The law allows police to detain suspects for questioning for up to 48 hours. * Two people were detained in hospital following the crash. * Two men have been detained in custody. ***detain somebody (formal)* to delay somebody or prevent them from going somewhere** * I'm sorry—he'll be late; he's been detained at a meeting. * The minister was unavoidably detained in Lisbon on affairs of state.

Deck2 Flashcards

(400 cards)