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Question 1

Give four common presentations for abdominal disorders

Answer 1

DyspepsiaAbdominal PainConstipationDysphagia

Question 2

Define dyspepsia

Answer 2

Upper abdominal pain

Question 3

Give four causes of dyspepsia

Answer 3

o Chronic peptic ulcer diseaseo GORDo Malignancyo Functional/non ulcer

Question 4

What is functional dyspepsia?

Answer 4

60% of dyspepsiaNo functional problem found to account for symptoms - 3 months of dyspepsia with no structural causes found

Question 5

What are the three main actions when someone presents with dyspepsia?

Answer 5

o Empirical acid suppressiono Non invasive H-pylori testing/eradicationo Early endoscopy

Question 6

How common is abdominal pain as a presentation?

Answer 6

2% of all admissions

Question 7

What is the first thing you need to do when thinking about abdominal pain?

Answer 7

Localise it

Question 8

How do you localise abdominal pian?

Answer 8

Is it intra-peritoneal/extra-peritoneal?What embryological division does it belong to?

Question 9

WHat are the three embryological divisions of the abdomen and where does pain localise?

Answer 9

 Foregut – Up to 2nd part of Duodenum - Epigastric area  Midgut – Up until the distal third of the transverse colon - Peri-umbilical Hindgut – Supra-pubic

Question 10

Give three causes of foregut pain

Answer 10

o Ulcers-epigastric pain Commonly in the first part of the duodenum / lesser curve of the stomacho Pancreatits – Epigastric pain, back pain (retroperitoneal structure)o Gallstones – Epigastric pain, can also get Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) pain. Often refered to as colicky pain (slight misnomer as the pain fairly constant).

Question 11

Give two examples of causes of midgut pain

Answer 11

‘Real’ colicky paino Small bowel – Every 2-3 minuteso Large bowel – Every 10-15 mins

Question 12

Give four signs and symptoms of small bowel obstruction

Answer 12

o Vomiting (fairly early feature)o Abdominal distensiono Xray may show  central abdominal distended loops Circular folds (extending the full width of the bowel lumen)

Question 13

Give one cause of hindgut pain

Answer 13

Sigmoid volvulus

Question 14

What is a sigmoid volvulus?

Answer 14

Causes 8% of all intestinal obstructionTwists on itself or its mesentery, causing bowel obstruction and an interrupted blood supply

Question 15

What is anorexia?

Answer 15

Loss of appetite

Question 16

Give five causes of anorexia

Answer 16

o Subjectively unpleasant food or surroundingso Anxietyo Anger/fearo Symptom of a physical disordero Symptom of a psychological disorder

Question 17

Give five physical causes of anorexia

Answer 17

 Cancer (in particular GI tract) Chemotherapy/certain Antibiotics Pregnancy Depression Endocrine disorders

Question 18

What do you need to distinguis between when asking about weight loss?

Answer 18

Intentional or unintentional?More than a 5% unintentional weight loss should be investigated

Question 19

What is nausea?

Answer 19

Subjective sensation of needing toi vomit

Question 20

Give four causes of nausea

Answer 20

o Food poisoning (Staphlococcal, salmonella, E-coli)o Gastroenteritis (viral- Norwalk)o Cholecystitiso Appendicitis

Question 21

HOw is constipation classified?

Answer 21

Defecate less than 3 times a week - Change in bowel habit more important

Question 22

Give four causes of constipation

Answer 22

DietMedicationDehydrationImmobility

Question 23

Why is a good history necessary for diarrhoea?

Answer 23

Many causes which change depending on the time and place of onset

Question 24

What are five categories of diarrhoea?

Answer 24

o Secretory (Infection)o Osmotic (Lactose intolerance)o Abnormal Intestinal Motility (Thyrotoxicosis, IBS)o Exudative (Colitis, Cancer)o Malabsorption (Pancreatic enzyme/Bile Salt Deficiency)

Question 25

What is dyspagia?

Answer 25

o Difficulty swallowing (solids and liquids)o Differentiate from painful swallowing (Odynophagia)

Question 26

What are two broad categories of dysphagia?

Answer 26

Difficulty initating swallowFood sticking in oesophagus

Question 27

Give five causes of bleeding from oesophagus (haematemesis)

Answer 27

o Acute/chronic peptic ulcero Mallory-Weiss tear Tear in oesophagus from repetitive retchingo Oesophageal/Gastric Variceso Erosive Oesophagitiso Gastric/Oesophageal cancer

Question 28

Give six causes of rectal bleeding

Answer 28

o Angiodysplasia Vascular malformation of the gut blood vesselso Diverticular diseaseo Colonic carcinomao Haemorrhoids/Anal fissureo Inflammatory Bowel Diseaseo Massive upper GI bleed Malaena

Question 29

Give course for hepatic portal vein so superior vena cava

Answer 29

Hepatic portal vein -> Left gastric vein-> Oesophageal veins -> Azygous vein -> Upper extremities vein > SVC

Question 30

Give five causes of abdominal distension

Answer 30

The five F'so Fato Fluido Faeceso Flatuso Foetus

Question 31

Give three cause sof fluid ascites

Answer 31

Liver fialurePortal hypertension Cancer

Question 32

Give two causes of flatulus

Answer 32

Aerophagia (air swallowing)Gas production in gut