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Question 1

Plants possess a sort of adaptive immune system, but invertebrates do not. True or false?

Answer 1

False. Both can have it.

Question 2

Trained immunity increases the capacity of the innate immune cells to respond to secondary stimulation. True or false?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Trained immunity is mediated via epigenetic remodeling of transcriptional pathways. True or false?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In trained immunity, histone acetylation and methylation events make DNA more accessible to transcription factors at the promoters and enhancers of pro-inflammatory genes, such as TNF-alfa and IL6. True or false?

Answer 4

True

Question 5

One of the advantages of trained immunity is that cells become more energetically efficient, aka they need to do less oxidative phosphorylation. True or false?

Answer 5

False. There’s actually an increase in both OxPhos and Glycolysis.

Question 6

Innate Immune cells do not have memory of any kind. This is a characteristic unique to the adaptive immune cells. True or false?

Answer 6

False. Innate cells can have memory through metabolic reprogramming, epigenetic reprogramming, and enhanced effector functions.

Question 7

What are the advantages of trained immunity adjuvants?

Answer 7

They could provide unspecific protection against different variants of the same pathogen.

Question 8

Mention three trained immunity inducers

Answer 8

Beta-glucan
Flagellin
MDP