Deep Brain Structures 2

Question 1

Brodemann area 4

Answer 1

-principal motor area

1/3 contribution to the corticospinal tract

Question 2

brodemann area 6

Answer 2

-premotor area

Question 3

what would be the result of a lesion to area 6?

Answer 3

loss of initiation of motor function

Question 4

brodemann area 3-1-2

Answer 4

• postcentral principal sensory areas

- aka primary sensory strip

Question 5

brodemann areas 5 and 7

Answer 5

-sensory association area

Question 6

area 17

Answer 6

-principal visual cortex (striate)

Question 7

areas 18-19

Answer 7

visual association areas

Question 8

area 41

Answer 8

-primary auditory cortex

Question 9

area 42

Answer 9

associative auditory cortex

Question 10

area 22

Answer 10

• speech comprehension

- Wernicke’s area

Question 11

area 44

Answer 11

• motor speech

- Broca’s area

Question 12

nuclei of the thalamus

Answer 12

• dorsomedial nucleus (DM)
• VPM
• VPL
• pulvinar
• medial and lateral geniculate
• VA, VLo, VLc
• LP
• anterior nucleus

Question 13

reminder for what the lateral and medial geniculate nuclei are for:

Answer 13

• lateral: vision

- medial: hearing

Question 14

DM nucleus

• projects to
• receives from

Answer 14

• to: prefrontal cortex

- from: amygdaloid complex; temporal neocortex

Question 15

what condition does a DM nucleus lesion mimic?

Answer 15

prefrontal lobotomy

Question 16

Where does the LP nucleus project to?

Answer 16

superior parietal lobule

Question 17

pulvinar

• projects to
• receives from

Answer 17

the pulvinar projects to and receives projections from:

• areas 18 and 19 (vision association)
• inferior parietal lobule

Question 18

medial geniculate

• project to
• receives from

Answer 18

-to: areas 41 42
-from: lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus
(goes on to transverse gyrus of heschel for hearing)

Question 19

lateral geniculate

• projects to:
• receives from

Answer 19

• to: area 17 (vision)

- from: optic tract

Question 20

VPM

• projects to
• receives from

Answer 20

• to: areas 3-1-2

- from: trigeminothalamic tracts

Question 21

VPL

• projects to
• receives from

Answer 21

• to: areas 3-1-2

- from: medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts

Question 22

VLo and VLc

• projects to
• receives from

Answer 22

• to: area 4 (primary motor)

- from: dentate nucleus, globus pallidus, substantia nigra

Question 23

VA

• projects to
• receives from

Answer 23

• to: area 6 (premotor) and anterior insular cortex

- from: globus pallidus and substantia nigra

Question 24

anterior nucleus

• projects to
• receives from

Answer 24

• to: cingulate gyrus

- from: mammillothalamic tract and fornix

Question 25

lateral geniculate nucleus - where - function

Answer 25

- sits under thalamus - sends out retinal projection to go on and form the optic N - it's projections go up and around lateral ventricles and optic radiation and end in area 17

Question 26

what do crossing fibers in the optic chiasm "see"?

Answer 26

the bilateral temporal visual fields

Question 27

right occipital lobe see what?

Answer 27

left visual field

Question 28

calcarine sulcus

Answer 28

- the division of the inferior and superior visual field areas - the inferior field is on top - superior is on bottom - in other words: the occipital lobe sees the world upside down

Question 29

what are circumventricular organs?

Answer 29

- areas where the CSF-brain barrier doesn't exsist | - allows for stuff in CSF to reach the nervous system

Question 30

list the circumventricular organs

Answer 30

- area postrema - neurohypophysis - median eminence - pineal gland - ones he didn't talk about: subcommissural organ, subfornical organ, organum vasculosum

Question 31

area postrema

Answer 31

vomiting center

Question 32

neurohypophysis

Answer 32

posterior pituitary

Question 33

median eminence

Answer 33

forms the wall of the "funnel" that leads down to the posterior pituitary

Question 34

pineal gland

Answer 34

- near superior and inferior colliculi | - primary secretion = melatonin but also 5-HT, NEPI, TRH, LHRH, SOM

Question 35

what major function does the pineal gland play in lower phylogenetic animals?

Answer 35

gonadal hormone control

Question 36

how do retinal projection travel?

Answer 36

- direct retinal projections to hypothalamus - hypothalamus to pineal - pineal secretions influence hypothalamus

Question 37

what role does the pineal gland play in humans?

Answer 37

-exerts an inhibitory influence on gonads and reproductive system

Question 38

what is the outcome of a tumor causing increased secretion of the pineal gland?

Answer 38

delayed pubescence

Question 39

what is the outcome of a lesion and decreased secretion of the pineal gland?

Answer 39

precocious puberty

Question 40

hypothalamus

Answer 40

- carries out the body's reaction to the environment | - has many nuclei but not well defined functions like in the thalamus

Question 41

notable nuclei of the hypothalamus

Answer 41

- mamillary bodies - arcuate - supraoptic - paraventricular - suprachaiasmatic

Question 42

hypothalamic afferent

Answer 42

- limbic system (septal region) - fornix (limbic) - vagal sensory nuclei (related to satiety, PSNS) - solitary nuclei - thalamus - somatic afferent from genitals and nipples - retinal afferents to suprachiasmatic nucleus - vasculature (SNS)

Question 43

why is it significant that the hypothalamus is connected to somatic input from genitalia/nipples?

Answer 43

- hear your baby - goes to medial geniculate - projects to hypothalamus - causes you to lactate

Question 44

pathway of papez circuit

Answer 44

hippocampus --> fornix | --> mammillary bodies --> anterior thalamic nucleus --> cingulate gyrus --> back to hippocampus

Question 45

overview of papez circuit

Answer 45

- you sense the environment in a physical sense - received by cortex - send to cingulate gyrus - swings around into hippocampus (memory and sensory integration) - sent back up through fornix - ends in mammillary bodies (hypothalamus)

Question 46

what happens at the mamillary bodies (hypothalamus) level of papez circuit?

Answer 46

-it attaches emotion to the input it received -tells the body to have a certain reaction to the environment (like when mcneill talked about giving me a rose...... eeeek!)

Question 47

why is it beneficial for the papez circuit to be a continuous loop?

Answer 47

because the environment is constantly changing

Question 48

hypothalamic efferents

Answer 48

- anterior thalamic nucleus - BS and SC ANS centers: direct and indirect via reticular formation - amygdoaloid nucleus - midbrain reticular formation