1
Q
: loss of ability to recognize objects through a particular sensory systern, may be visual, auditory, or tactile
A
agnosia
2
Q
: inability to coordinate muscle movements, resulting in difficulty in walking, talking, and performing self-care activities
A
ataxia
3
Q
: division of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary body functions
A
autonomic nervous system
4
Q
: portion of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body
A
axon
5
Q
areflex action of the toes, in adults Is Indicative of abnormalities in the motor control pathways leading from the cerebral cortex
A
Babinski reflex (sign):
6
Q
: abnormal movement marked by alterating contraction and relaxation of a muscle occurring in rapid succession
A
clonus
7
Q
: an acute, confused state that begins with disorientation and if not recognized and treated early can progress to changes in level of consciousness, reversible brain damage, and sometimes death
A
delirium
8
Q
: portion of the neuron that conducts Impulses toward the cell body
A
dendrite
9
Q
: displaying lack of muscle tone: limp, floppy
A
flaccidity
10
Q
division of the auto nomic nervous system active primarily during nonstress-ful conditions, controlling mostly visceral functions
A
parasympathetic nervous system:
11
Q
: awareness of position of parts of the body without looking at them (synonym proprioception)
A
position (postural) sense
12
Q
: an automatic response to stimuli
A
reflex
13
Q
: increase in muscle tone at rest characterized by
increased resistance to passive stretch
A
rigidity
14
Q
: test for cerebellar dysfunction that can be done with the patient seated or standing, inability to maintain position for 20 seconds is a positive test
A
Romberg test
15
Q
: sustained increase in tension of a muscle when it is passively lengthened or stretched
A
spasticity
16
Q
, division of the autonomic nervous system with predominantly excitatory responses (synonym: the “fight-or-flight systern)
A
sympathetic nervous system
17
Q
: illusion of movement in which the individual or the
surroundings are sensed as moving
A
vertigo
18
Q
The nervous system consists of two major parts:
_____, including the brain and spinal cord,
and the
____, which includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and autonomic nervous system.
A
the central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system
19
Q
The function of the nervous system is to
A
control motor, sensory, autonomic, cognitive, and behavioral activities.
20
Q
The brain ise contains more than ____ that link the motor and sensory pathways, monitor the body’s processes, respond to the internal and external environment, maintain homeo-stasis, and direct all psychological, biologic, and physical activity through complex chemical and electrical messages
A
100 billion cells
21
Q
The basic functional unit of the brain is the ___
A
neuron
22
Q
The ___ are branch-type structures for receiving electrochemical messages.
A
dendrites
23
Q
The ___ is a long projection that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body.
A
axon
24
Q
Nerve cell bodies occurring in clusters are called ___
A
ganglia or nuclei.
25
A cluster of cell bodies with the same function is called a
center (e.g., the respiratory center).
26
Neurons are supported, protected, and nourished by ___, which are 50 times greater in number than neurons
glial cells
27
__ communicate messages from one neuron to another or from a neuron to a target cell, such as muscle or endocrine cells.
Neurotransmitters
28
Neurotransmitters are manufactured and stored in ___
synaptic vesicles.
29
A neurotransmitter can either ____ of the target cell.
excite or inhibit activity
30
(major transmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system)
Acetylcholine
31
action of Acetylcholine
Usually excitatory: parasympathetic effects sometimes
inhibitory stimulation of heart by vagal nerve
32
action of serotonin
Inhibitory; helps control mood and sleep, inhibles pain pathways
33
action of dopamine
Usually inbibitory affects behavior attention, emotions and fine movement
34
(major transmitter of the sympathetic nervous system)
norepinephrine
35
action of norepinephrine
UUsually excitatory; affects mood and ower activ!y
36
action of gamma aminobutyric acid
inhibitory
37
action of enkephalin, endorphin
Excitatory; pleasurable sensation, inhibits pain transmission
38
, for example, can detect dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.
Positron emission tomography (PET)
39
, similar to PET, can detect changes in some neurotransmitters, such as dopamine in Parkinson's disease
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT
40
The CNS consists of the
brain and the spinal cord.
41
The brain accounts for approximately ___% of the total-body weight; in an average young adult, the brain weighs approximately ___, whereas in an average older adult, the brain weighs approximately ___
2
1400 g
1200g
42
The brain is divided into three major areas:
the cerebrum, the brain stem, and the cerebellum.
43
The cerebrum is composed of two hemispheres,
the thalamus,
the hypothalamus, and the basal ganglia.
44
The brain stem includes the
midbrain, pons, and medulla.
45
The cerebellum is located
under the cerebrum and behind the brain stem
46
Cerebrum
The outside surface of the hemispheres has a wrinkled appearance that is the result of many folded layers or convolutions called,
gyri
47
, which increase the surface area of the brain, accounting for the high level of activity carried out by such a small-appearing organ.
gyri
48
Between each gyrus is a ___ or fissure that sérves as an anatomic division.
sulcus
49
, which increase the surface area of the brain, accounting for the high level of activity carried out by such a small-appearing organ.
gyri
50
cerebrum
The two hemispheres are joined at the lower portion of the portion by the
corpus Callosum
51
. The external or outer portion of the hemispheres (the cerebral cortex is made up of gray mat ter approximately 2 to 5 mm in depth; it contains
52
. The external or outer portion of the hemispheres (____ is made up of gray mat ter approximately ___ in depth; it contains billions of neuron cell bodies giving it a gray appearance
the cerebral cortex
2 to 5 mm
53
the largest lobe, located in the front of the brain. The major functions of this lobe are concente. tion, abstract thought. information storage or memory, and motor function. It contains Broca area, which sin the left hemisphere and is critical for motor control of speech.
frontal
54
is also responsible in large pat for a person's affect, judgment, personality, and inhibitions
The frontal lobe
55
—a predominantly sensory lobe posterior to the frontal lobe. This lobe analyzes sensory information and relays the interpretation of this information to othe cortical areas and is essential to a person's awareness f body position in space, size and shape discrimination. and right-left orientation
Parietal
56
-located inferior to the frontal and parietal lobes, this lobe contains the auditory receptive areas and plays a role in memory of sound and understanding of language and music.
Temporal
57
-located posterior to the parietal lobe, this lobe is responsible for visual interpretation and memory.
Occipital
58
, a thick collection of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, is responsible for the transmission of information from one side of the brain to the other.
The corpus callosum
59
Nuclei for cranial nerves I and II are also located in the.
cerebrum
60
The __ lie on either side of the third ventricle and act primarily as a relay station for all sensation except smell.
thalami
61
All memory, sensation, and pain impulses pass through this section of the brain.
thalami
62
The hypothalamus (see Fig. 60-3) is located
anterior and inferior to the thalamus, and beneath and lateral to the third ventricle.
63
The ___ plays an important role in the endocrine system because it regulates the pituitary secretion of hormones that influence metabolism, reproduction, stress response, and urine produc-tion.
hypothalamus
64
the ___ is the site of the hunger center and is involved in appetite control.
hypothalamus
65
It contains centers that regulate the sleep-wake cycle, blood pressure, aggressive and sexual behavior, and emotional responses (eg, blushing, rage, depression, panic, fear). The _____ also controls and regulates the autonomic nervous system.
hypothalamus
66
(the point at which the two optic tracts cross)
The optic chiasm
67
___ consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
The brain stem
68
the ____, pons, and medulla oblongata (see Fig. 60-2). 'The midbrain connects the pons and the cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres; it contains sensory and motor panways and serves as the center for auditory and visual reflexes.
midbrain
69
Cranial nerves ___originate in the midbrain.
III and IV
70
Cranial nerves____ originate in the pons.
V through VIII
71
Cranial nerves ___\ originate in the medulla.
IX through XII
72
The ____ is posterior to the midbrain and pons, and below the occipital lobe
cerebellum
73
The ____ integrates sensory information to provide smooth coordinated movement. It controls fine movement, balance, and position (postural) sense or proprioception (awareness of position of extremities without looking at them).
cerebellum
74
The major bones of the skull are the
frontal, tem-poral, parietal, occipital, and spheroid bones.
75
Indentations in the skull base are known as.
fossae
76
The ___ (fibrous connective tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord) provide protection, support, and nourishment.
meninges
77
The layers of the meninges are the
dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
78
-the outermost layer; covers the brain and the spinal cord. It is tough, thick, inelastic, fibrous, and gray.
Duramater
79
There are three major extensions of the dura:
the ___, which folds between the two hemispheres;
the ___, which folds between the occipital lobe and cerebellum to form a tough, membranous shelf; and the
____, which is located between the right and left side of the cerebellum.
falx cerebri
tentorium
falx cerebelli
80
When excess pressure occurs in the cranial cavity, brain tissue may be compressed against these dural folds or displaced around them, a process called.
herniation
81
A potential space exists between the dura and the skull, and between the periosteum and the dura in the vertebral column, known as the
epidural space.
82
-the middle membrane; an extremely thin, delicate membrane that closely resembles a spider web
Arachnoid
83
This membrane has __, which are unique finger-like projections that absorb CSF into the venous system.
arachnoid villi
84
When blood or bacteria enter the subarachnoid space, the villi become obstructed and ____
communicating hydrocephalus (increased size of ventricles) may result.
85
—the innermost, thin, transparent layer that hugs the brain closely and extends into every fold of the brain's surface.
Pia mater
86
is a clear and colorless fluid that is produced in the choroid plexus of the ventricles and circulates around the surface of the brain and the spinal cord.
CSF
87
CSF
There are four ventricles:
the right and left lateral and the third and fourth ventricles.
88
CSF
The two lateral ventricles open into the third ventricle at the interventricular foramen (also known as the.
foramen of Monro)
89
CSF
The third and fourth ventricles connect via the
aqueduct of Sylvius.
90
The ____ drains CSF into the subarachnoid space on the surface of the brain and spinal cord, where it is absorbed by the ___
fourth ventricle
arachnoid villi.
91
Blockage of the flow of CSF anywhere in the ventricular system produces
obstructive hydrocephalus.
92
___ is important in immune and metabolic functions in the brain. It is produced at a rate of about ___; the ventricles and subarachnoid space contain approximately ____ of fluid
CSF
500mL/day
125 to 150 mL
93
The composition of CSF is similar to other extracellular fluids (such as ____ but the concentrations of the various constituents differ.
blood plasma
94
A laboratory analysis of CSF indicates
color (clear),
specific gravity (normal 1.007),
protein count,
cell count,
glucose, and other electrolyte levels
95
Normal CSF contains a minimal number of
white blood cells and no red blood cells.
96
The CSF may also be tested for immunoglobulins or the presence of bacteria. A CSF sample may be obtained through a ____
lumbar puncture or intraventricular catheter
97
the brain receives approximately ___ of the cardiac output, or ____ per minute of blood flow. Brain circulation is unique in several aspects
15%
750 mL
98
Second, the brain has collateral circulation through the _____ (see later discussion), allowing blood flow to be redirected on demand.
circle of Willis
99
Arterial blood supply to the anterior brain originates from the ____, which is the first bifurcation of the aorta.
common carotid artery
100
The internal carotid arteries arise at the
bifurcation of the common carotid.
101
The bifurcations along the circle of Willis are frequent sites of
aneurysm formation.
102
___ are outpouchings of the blood vessel due to vessel wall weakness. ___ can rupture and cause a hemorrhagic stroke.
Aneurysms
Aneurysms
103
Circle of Willis
arteries
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Internal carotid artery
Posterior communicating artery
Posterior cerebral artery
104
The CNS is inaccessible to many substances that circulate in the blood plasma (e.g., dyes, medications, antibiotic agents) because of the
blood-brain barrier.
105
The blood-brain barrier has a protective function but can be altered by;
trauma, cerebral edema, and cerebral hypoxemia
106
The ___ is continuous with the medulla, extending from the cerebral hemispheres and serving as the connection between the brain and the periphery.
spinal cord
107
spinal cord
Approximately ___\ long and about the thickness of a finger, it extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra, where it capers to a fibrous band called the ____
45 cm (18 inches)
conus medullaris.
108
Continuing below the second lumbar space are the nerve roots that. extend beyond the conus, which are called the ____because they resemble a horse's tail.
cauda equina
109
The thoracic region of the spinal cord has a projection , the from each side at the crossbar of the H-shaped structure of nlike
gray matter called the ___
lateral horn.
110
Three cranial nerves are
entirely sensory ___
five are motor _____
and four are mixed sensory and motor _____
The cranial nerves are numbered in the order in which they arise from the brain
(I, II, VIII),
(III, IV, VI, XI, and XII,
(V, VII, IX, and X).
111
The spinal cord is composed of
_ pairs of spinal nerves:
_ cer-vical,
_ thoracic
_ lumbar,
_ sacral, and
_ coccygeal.
31
8
12
5
5
1
112
Olfactory: (1).
Sensory
113
Optic (II)
Sensory
114
Oculomotor (III)
Motor
Raise eyelids
115
Trochlear (IV).
Motor/
proprioceptor
116
Trigeminal (V)
Motor
sensory
117
Abducens (VI)
Motor
118
Facial (VII)
Motor
Serisory
119
Acoustic (VIII)
Sensor
120
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Motor
Sensory
121
Vagus (X)
Motor/sensory
122
Accessory. (XI)
Motor/sensory
123
Hypoglossal (XII)
Motor
124
how many Cranial nerves are motor only and what
5 CN’s
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV).
Abducens (VI)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)
125
how many Cranial nerves are sensory only and what
3 CN’s
Olfactory: (1).
Optic (II)
Acoustic (VIII)
126
how many Cranial nerves are sensory and motor l and what
5 CN’s
Trigeminal (V)
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory. (XI)
127
The ____ regulates the activities of intermal organs such as the heart, lungs, blood vessels, digestive organs, and glands
autonomic nervous system
128
There are two major divi-sions of autonomic nervous system
the ____ with predominantly excitatory responses (i.e., the "fight-or-flight" response), and the
_____, which controls mostly visceral functions.
sympathetic nervous system,
parasympathetic nervous system,
129
The _____ innervates most body organs. Although usually considered part of the peripheral nervous system, this system is regulated by centers in the ____
autonomic nervous system
spinal cord, brain stem, and hypothalamus.
130
The _____ is the major subcortical center for the regulation of autonomic activities, serving an inhibitory-excitatory role.
hypothalamus
131
A sympathetic discharge releases epinephrine (adrenalin) —hence, the term ____ is often used to refer to this division.
adrenergic
132
Pupil of the Eye
parasympathetic : Constricted
sympathetic: Dilated
133
Pupil of the Eye
parasympathetic: Constricted
sympathetic: Dilated
134
integumentary System
Secretion of sweat Pilomotor muscles
sympathetic: Increased
Contracted (goose flesh)
135
Peristaltic movements of digestive tube
parasympathetic: Increased
sympathetic: Decreased
136
The ____ functions as the dominant controller for most visceral functions; the primary neurotransmitter is ____. 
parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine
137
The initial interview provides an excellent opportunity to systematically explore the patient's current condition and related events while simultaneously observing ____
overall appearance, mental status, posture, move-ment, and affect.
138
Neurologic disorders may be stable or progressive, characterized by symptom-free periods as well as fluctuations in symptoms. The health history therefore includes details about the
onset,
character,
severity,
location, duration, and frequency of symptoms and signs; associated complaints; pre-cipitating, aggravating, and relieving factors; progression; remission, and exacerbation; and the presence or absence of similar symptoms among family members.
139
is considered an unpleasant sensory perception and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.
Pain
140
are the result of abnormal electrical discharges in the cerebral cortex, which then manifest as an alteration in sensation, behavior, movement, perception, or consciousness.
Seizures
141
seizure
The alteration may be short, such as in a ___ that lasts only a second, or of longer duration, such as a ____ that can last several minutes.
blank stare
tonic-clonic grand mal seizure
142
Seizures can occur as isolated events, such as when induced by a
high fever, alcohol or drug withdrawal, or hypoglycemia.
143
A seizure may also be the first obvious sign of a ___
brain lesion
144
145
is an abnormal sensation of imbalance or movement.
It is common in the older adult and a common complaint encountered by health professionals
Dizziness
146
___ is usually a manifestation of ____ It can be so severe as to result in spatial disorien-tation, lightheadedness, loss of equilibrium (staggering), and nausea and vomiting.
Vertigo
vestibular dysfunction.
147
___ is a common manifestation of neurologic disease.
Muscle weakness
148
____ is a neurologic manifestation of both central and peripheral nervous system disease.
Abnormal sensation
149
A neurologic assessment is divided into five components:
consciousness and cognition,
cranial nerves,
motor system,
sensory system, and reflexes.
150
151
examples of common symptoms of neurologic disorder
pain
muscle weakness
seizure
152
examples of physical assessment for neurologic examination
mental status
thought content
intellectual function
153
The ____ is a systematic process that includes a variety of clinical tests, observations, and assessments designed to evaluate the neurologic status of a complex system.
neurologic examination
154
Give me diagnostic evaluation for neuro
CT scan
MRI
PET scan
3RD year 2nd sem
flashcards
Decks in class (28)
# Cards
-
Midterm on the 7277 Reading Assignment Lingad47
-
defensor chap 39153
-
Defensor chap 40126
-
reading assignment lingad212
-
chap 41 DEFENSOR251
-
chap 41 defensor quiz diarrhea, consti, IBS119
-
LINGAD DEMENTIA OR NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER.34
-
LINGAD PERSONALITY DISORDER138
-
staging colorectal cancer defensor20
-
Lingad neurocog disorder & sleep-wake132
-
Lingad Eating disorder57
-
DEFENSOR CEREBROVASCULAR153
-
DEFENSOR CHAP 60154
-
DEFENSOR CHAP 60 DIAGNOSTICS97
-
LINGAD CHAPTER 12 ABUSE AND VIOLENCE29
-
LINGAD CHAPTER 19 ADDICTION35
-
LINGAD 926224
-
LINGAD A.O no. 2021-003146
-
LINGAD ASD31
-
LINGAD ADHD14
-
Defensor Multiple sclerosis65
-
DEFENSOR MYASTHENIA GRAVIS25
-
LINGAD The New Client Flow for Wellness and Recovery from Substance Related Issues35
-
LINGAD CHAP 22 NEURODEV' DISORDER40
-
PSYCH CHAP 23 DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIORS22
-
PSYCH APPENDIX B SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS AND GENDER DYSPHORIA33
-
PSYCH RA 11036 "Mental Health Act."33
-
PSYCH RA 9165 "Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002".42
