HaDPop > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Blinding

A

Not telling someone what treatment a person has received/outcome of the treatment
Avoid them being influenced by knowledge

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2
Q

Case control study

A

Used to identify risk factors for a condition

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3
Q

Cluster randomised control trial

A

People are randomised in groups or clusters rather than individually

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4
Q

Cohort study

A

Identifies a group of people and follows them over a period of time to see how their exposure affects their outcome

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5
Q

Confidence interval

A

Expresses the precision of an estimate and shows a range within which we are 95% sure the true value from the results fo a population lies
Narrower = more precise estimate

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6
Q

Confounding factor

A

Something associated with both the exposure and the outcome of interest but is not the causal pathway between them

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7
Q

Control group

A

Serves as a basis for comparison in a study. In this group no experimental stimulus is recieved

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8
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of factors that affect the health and illness of the population

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9
Q

Experiment

A

Any study in which the conditions are under the direct control of the researcher. Usually involves giving a group of people an intervention that would not have occurred naturally

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10
Q

Hazard ratio

A

Measure of the relative probability of an event in 2 groups over time.
Takes into account the fact that once people have a certain event (eg death) they are no longer at risk of that event

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11
Q

Intention to treat

A

People are analysed in the treatment groups to which they were assigned to at the start of the RTC regardless of whether they drop out, dont attend follow up/switch treatment groups

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12
Q

Levels of evidence

A

Hierarchical ranking of different types of clinical evidence

High - low: systematic review, RTC, non randomised RTC, prospective cohort, case-control

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13
Q

Longitudinal study

A

One that studies a group of people over time

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14
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Combines the results of individual studies to arrive at one overall measurement of the effectiveness of a treatment

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15
Q

Nested case control study

A

Cases of a disease are drawn from the same cohort as the controls to which they are compared.
Can reduce recall bias and temporal ambiguity - where its unclear if a hypothesised cause preceded the outcome

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16
Q

Non randomised study

A

Participants are not randomly allocated to receiving/not receiving an intervention

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17
Q

Observational study

A

Researchers have no control over exposures and instead observe what happens to groups of people

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18
Q

Odds ratio

A

Summarises the association between an exposure and an outcome
Tell us how likely it is that an event will occur compared to the likelihood the event will not happen.

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19
Q

Person years

A

Describes the accumulated amount of time that all the people in the study were being followed up.

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20
Q

Phase 1 trials

A

Early phases of drug testing in humans. Usually quite small

Tests drugs safety as opposed to effectiveness

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21
Q

Phase 2 trials

A

Drugs effectiveness in treating targeted disease is examined for the 1st time

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22
Q

Phase 3 trials

A

Effectiveness and safety of the drug undergoes a rigorous examination in a large carefully controlled trial.
Usually compare with existing drug/placebo

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23
Q

Prevalence

A

Th amount of people who currently have a disease in a set population with no time frame

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24
Q

Prospective study

A

Asks a specific study question, recruits appropriate participants and looks at the exposures and outcomes of interest in these people over the following months/years

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25
Publication bias
Arises because researchers and editors tend to handle positive experiment results differently from negative/inconclusive results
26
Randomised control trial
Study where people are randomly allocated to receive/not receive a particular intervention Best type to work out if treatment is effective Usually compare with existing drug/placebo
27
Recall bias
When a persons recall of their exposure to a suspected disease risk factor could be influenced by the knowledge they are now suffering from that particular disease/that it was so long ago they cant remeber
28
Relative risk
Compares the risk in 2 different groups of people
29
Selection bias
Distortion of the evidence/data that arises from the way participants are chosen
30
Retrospective study
Relies on data on exposures +/- outcomes that have already been collected. May not be as reliable as prospective as relies on accuracy of records made at the time and on peoples recall of past events
31
Statistical significance
Means the results are not likely to have occurred by chance alone, we can be more confident we are observing a true value
32
Systematic reviewo
Synthesis of the medical research on a particular subject | Overview of primary studies that use explicit and reproducible methods
33
Census
The simultaneous recording of demographic data by the government at a particular time pertaining to all the people who live within a particular territory.
34
Crude birth rate
No births per 1000 pop
35
General fertility rate
The number of live births/1000 fertile women aged 15-44
36
Total period fertility rate
Average no children born to a hypothetical woman in her lifetime
37
Fercundity
Physical ability to reproduce
38
Fertility
The realisation of the fecundity as births
39
Crude death rate
No deaths per 1000 pop
40
Age specific death rate
No deaths per 1000 pop in age group
41
Standard mortality ratio
Compares observed no deaths with expected no deaths in age groups
42
Incidence rate
No new cases per 1000 per year
43
IRR
Rate exposed/rate unexposed
44
SMR
Takes into account confounding factors to provide a summative figure describing the mortality experienced in a local population compared to the general/reference pop
45
Variation
Occurs when there is a difference between the observed and actual value
46
Internal comparison
Sub cohorts within your original group, compare exposed and unexposed
47
External comparison
Exposed pop compared with reference pop
48
Bradford hill criteria
To determine whether causal-effect relationship has ben established once bias, confounders and chance are removed
49
Strength of association
Stronger (higher IRR/OR) - more likely to be causal
50
Specificity of association
Outcome associated with specific factor
51
Consistency of association
Association occurs in other studies too
52
Temporal sequence
Causative factor precedes outcome
53
Dose response
Different levels of exposure lead to different levels of outcome
54
Reversibility
Removal of causative factor causes reduced risk of outcome
55
Biological plausibilty
Biological mechanism to support theory
56
Coherence of theory
Observed observation confirms current scientific thinking
57
Clinical equipose
Reasonable uncertainty into which drug is better for patient so not subjecting them to a known less effective treatment
58
Scientifically robust
Pursuit of knowledge for the good of the general pop
59
Ethical recruitment
Recruitment for region where the drug will take effect and no unethical exclusions from the trial
60
Valid consent
Participants given sufficient knowledge, cooling off period, chance to ask Qs, ability to withdraw from the trial at any point
61
Voluntariness
No coercion/manipulation into trial
62
Henle-koch postulates
Determine if an infectious agent is the cause of a disease
63
Efficacy
The ability of a healthcare intervention to improve the health of a defined group under specific conditions
64
Fixed effects
Assumes only 1 true effect they are all trying to find - homogenous + within study variation
65
Random effects
Each study is trying to find out its own true effect and you can calculate the mean from all the trials. Heterogenous + within study and between study variation
66
absolute risk
Measures the size of risk in a person/group of people Doesnt compare changes between groups Could be risk of developing disease over certain period/measure effect of a treatment. RATE
67
Bias
Deviation in the results from the true value due via certain processes
68
Selection bias
Error due to systematic differences in the way two groups were collected Allocation Healthy worker effect
69
Information bias
Error due to systematic misclassification of subjects in the group Recall Publication
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