Atrophy
Reversible: Decrease in size of the cells.
- Disuse
- Denervation
- Lack of Endocrine Stimulation
- Ischemia
- Malnutrition
Hypertrophy
Reversible: Increase in size of the cells.
-Cardiac & Skeletal Muscle
Ex: High BP (heart cells increase in size)
Muscle mass increase
Hyperplasia
Reversible: Increase in the number of cells
- Hormonal: breast enlargement (pregnancy)
- Compensatory: regeneration of liver after partial removal
Metaplasia
Reversible: Replacement of adult cells
-Reprogramming stem cells
-Chronic inflammation or irritation
Ex: Smokers; GERD
Pathologic Calcifications
Abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts.
Dystrophic Calcification
Abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts. Occurs in dead or dying tissue
Ex: Artheroschlerosis (damage of heart valves); ischemia
Metastatic Calcification
Abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts. Occurs in normal tissue
Ex: Hyperparathyroidism, Paget’s disease, hypercalcemia
Cellular Swelling
Reversible cell injury
Impairment of the energy-dependent Na+/K+ ATPase membrane pump, usually as the result of hypoxic cell injury.
Dysplasia
Reversible: Deranged cell growth of a specific tissue
- Cells vary in size, shape, and organization
- Strong indicator of cancer
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Gangrene
Considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis
Dry Gangrene
Skin
- Drys and shrinks
- Wrinkles
- Color Change (black)
- Spread is slow
- Interference of arterial blood, without interference with venous return
Wet Gangrene
Skin
- Cold, Swollen, Pulseless
- Moist (Black)
- Foul odor (bacterial action)
- Rapid spread
- Interference with venous return
Necrosis
Cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living person.
Infarction
Artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and not other source of blood supply exists
Caseous Necrosis
Distinctive form of coagulation necrosis in which dead cells indefinitely die
