HGEO Globalisation > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Intermodal Containers (3)

A
  • Large-capacity storage units
  • Which can be transported long distances
  • Using multiple types of transport, such as shipping and rail
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2
Q

Remittances (2)

A
  • Money that migrants send home to their families
  • Via formal or informal finances
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3
Q

Spatial Division of Labour (3)

A
  • TNCs moving low skilled work abroad
  • To places where labour costs are low
  • While skilled management jobs are retained at the TNCs HQ
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4
Q

Globalisation (3)

A
  • The umbrella term
  • Used to describe the variety of ways
  • In which places and people are increasingly interconnected
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5
Q

Shrinking World Effect (4)

A
  • Distant places starting to feel closer
  • And taking less time to reach
  • Thanks to heightened connectivity
  • And unrestricted global flows of commodities and ideas
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6
Q

FDI (3)

A
  • A financial injection made by a TNC into a nation’s economy
  • Either to build new facilities
  • Or merge with an existing firm based there
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7
Q

Trickle-Down (2)

A
  • The positive impacts on peripheral regions
  • Caused by the creation of wealth in core regions
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8
Q

Tariffs (3)

A
  • Taxes that are paid
  • When importing or exportig goods and services
  • Between countries
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9
Q

WTO (4)

A
  • An IGO
  • Which advocates trade liberalisation
  • And asks countries to abandon protectionist measures
  • In favour of free trade
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10
Q

IMF (3)

A
  • An IGO
  • Which works to secure financial security
  • And sustainable economic development globally
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11
Q

World Bank (3)

A
  • An IGO
  • Which works to provide assistance for developing countries
  • One of the world’s largest sources of loans and knowledge
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12
Q

Trade Blocs (3)

A
  • International organisations that exist for trading purposes
  • Bringing greater economic strength and security to nations
  • E.g. the EU / Mercosur
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13
Q

SEZ (4)

A
  • An industrial area often near a coastline
  • Where favourable conditions are created
  • To attract foreign TNCs
  • Including low tax rates / exemption from tarifs
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14
Q

KOF Index (4)

A
  • Measures 4 dimensions: Social, Political, Cultural and Economic
  • Uses diverse data sets
  • Such as participation in UN peacekeeping missions and tourist flows
  • In 2014, Ireland and Belgium were the world’s most globalised countries according to KOF
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15
Q

A.T. Kearney Index (5)

A
  • Ranking is established by analysing a city’s
    1. Business activity
    1. Cultural experience
    1. Political engagement
  • Data includes no. of TNC HQ’s and museums
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16
Q

Offshoring (2)

A
  • TNCs moving parts of their production process abroad
  • To other countries to reduce labour costs
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17
Q

Outsourcing (4)

A
  • TNCs contracting another company
  • To produce their goods/services
  • Or manage other aspects, e..g finances/customer service
  • Can result in the growth of complex supply chains
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18
Q

Global Production Network (4)

A
  • A chain of connected suppliers of parts and materials
  • That contribute to the maufacturing or assembly of the consumer goods
  • As globalisation has accelerated
  • So too has the size and density of GPN’s
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19
Q

Glocalisation (3)

A
  • Adapting products to suit local tastes/laws
  • An increasingly common strategy used by TNCs
  • In an attempt to conquer new markets
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20
Q

Global Shift (4)

A
  • The international relocation
  • Of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacturing.
  • Stems from a combination of offshoring, outsourcing
  • And new business start ups in emerging economies
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21
Q

Deindustrialisation (4)

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A
  • The decline of regionally important manufacturing industries
  • A result of ‘global shift’
  • Results in high unemployment
  • Which can create a spiral of decline
22
Q

Internal Migration (3)

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A
  • Migration within the borders of a country
  • Normally, rural-urban migration
  • However, counter-urbanisation also takes place
23
Q

Urbanisation (2)

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A
  • An increase in the proportion of people
  • Living in urban areas
24
Q

Economic Migration (2)

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A
  • A migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment
  • Potentially in search of higher pay, more regular pay or a change of career
25
**Refugee (2)**
- People who are forced to flee their homes due to persecution - Often due to political/religious reasons
26
**Intervening Obstacles (3)**
- Barriers to a migrant - Such as a political border or physical feature - E.g. Deserts/mountains/rivers
27
**Natural Increase (4)**
- The difference between a society's crude birth rate and crude death rate - A migrant population, e.g. those found in developing megacities - Usually has a high rate of natural increase - Due to the presence of a large proportion of fertile young adults
28
**Brownfield Site (2)**
- Abandoned or derelict urban land - Previously used by commercial or industrial companies
29
**Global Hub (6)**
- A settlement or region - That has become a focal point - For activities with a global influence - Such as trade (Shanghai) and finance (London) - Unlike a megacity, a global hub is recognised by its influence - Rather than its population size
30
**Megacity (4)**
- A city with a population of 10 million or more - In 1970 there were just 3 megacities; - Now, there are 47 - They grow through a combination of rural-urban migration, international migration and natural increase
31
**Cultural Traits (2)**
- Aspects of culture - Such as clothing, language, food and religion
32
**Global Culture (3)**
- The rise of a homogenous culture globally - E.g. 4 billion people speaking 'Globish' - Which is a basic form of English consisting of roughly 1500 words -
33
**Soft Power (3)**
- Power through favour or persuasion - Used by powerful states to shape global culture - Through their disproportionatey large influence over global media and entertainment
34
**Hyperglobalisation (2)**
- The idea that a largely Westernised global culture is emerging - As a result of cultural erosion in different places -
35
**Post-Accession Migration (3)**
- The flow of economic migrants - After a country has joined the EU - E.g Poles to the UK in 2004
36
**Diaspora (3)**
- The dispersion or spread of a group of people - From their original homeland - E.g. African community in Lewisham
37
**Nationalist (5)**
- A political movement - Focused on national independence - Or the abandonment of policies - That are viewed by some as threats to national sovreignty or culture - Often results in anti-immigration and protectionist rhetoric
38
**Post-colonial migrants (4)**
- People who moved to European countries - From former colonies - During the 1950s - 70s - E.g. Jamaican and Indian migrants in the UK
39
**Millennium Development Goals (3)**
- 8 specific objectives for the global community - Created at the UN Millennium Summit in 2000 - Global poverty has been halved since the introduction of the MDG's
40
**Absolute Poverty (4)**
- When a person's income is too low - For basic human needs to be met - Potentially resulting in hunger and homelessness - Nearly 1.1 billion fewer people are living in extreme poverty than in 1990.
41
**Relative Poverty (3)**
- When a person's income is too low - To maintain the average standard of living in a particular society - Asset growth for very rich people can lead to more people being in relative people
42
**Informal Sector (2)**
- Unofficial forms of employment - That are not easily made subject to government regulation or taxation
43
**Gini Coefficient** (6)
- A statistical measure of inequality - Which shows how wealth varies between and within several nations - A number between 0-100 - A value of 0 = everyone has the same income - Latin America is the most unequal region in the world (52) - Europe is the least (32)
44
**Resource Nationalism (4)**
- A growing tendancy for state governments - To take measures ensuring domestic industries and consumers - Have priority access to the natural resources - Found within their countries -
45
**Transition Town (4)**
- A settlement - Where individuals and businesses have adopted 'bottom up' initatives - With the aim of boosting sustainability - And reducing reliance on global trade
46
**Food Miles (3)**
- The distance food travels from a farm to a consumer - Ranges from local produce, e.g. watts farm - To other side of the world, e.g. Fiji water
47
**Consumer Society (3)**
- A society in which - The buying and selling of goods and services - Is the most important social and economic activity
48
**Carbon Footprint (2)**
- The amount of carbon dioxide - Produced by an individual or an activity
49
**Virtual Water / Water footprint (3)**
- A measure of the volume of water - Used in the production and transport to market - Of food and commodities
50
**Ecological footprint (5)**
- A crude measurement - Of the area of land or water - Required to provide a person (or society) - With the energy, food and resources needed to live - And to also absorb waste
51
**Recycling (7)**
- Rather than sending manufactured goods to landfill - An alternative is to recycle them - This reduces the rate at which natural resources are used - However, the carbon footprint of recycling is potentially high - As energy is required - To treat the waste - And transport the waste to recycling sites
HGEO Globalisation
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