Deformation

Question 1

distortion in a rock

Answer 1

deformation

Question 2

transformation from an initial to a final geometry

Answer 2

geometric analysis

Question 3

rigid body deformation

Answer 3

translation, rotation

Question 4

non-rigid body deformation

Answer 4

distortion, dilation

Question 5

deformation, change in volume

Answer 5

dilation

Question 6

deformation, change in shape

Answer 6

distortion

Question 7

relates in terms of displacement vectors in a displacement field

Answer 7

kinematic analysis

Question 8

mechanics of materials with smoothly varying properties

Answer 8

continuum mechanics

Question 9

processes that deform rocks at microscopic scales

Answer 9

microstructures

Question 10

6 factors to deformation

Answer 10

1. mineralogy
2. temperature
3. confining pressure
4. fluid pressure
5. differential stress
6. strain rate

Question 11

3 groups of deformation mechanisms

Answer 11

brittle deformation, brittle flow, plastic flow

Question 12

microscopic to submicroscopic cracks

Answer 12

microcracks

Question 13

microcracks within a single grain, along a cleavage plane

Answer 13

intragranular microcracks

Question 14

what causes intragranular microcracks

Answer 14

fracture strength of the grain lower than that of the boundaries

Question 15

microcracks along grain boundaries

Answer 15

intergranular microcracks

Question 16

what causes intergranular microcracks

Answer 16

boundaries being easier to crack

Question 17

microcracks along adjacent grains and mutual grain boundaries

Answer 17

transgranular microcracks

Question 18

what causes transgranular microcracks

Answer 18

strong grain boundaries and aligned cleavage planes

Question 19

brittle fracturing and granulation

Answer 19

cataclasis

Question 20

where is cataclasis common

Answer 20

shallow fault zones

Question 21

repetition of crystal grains

Answer 21

mechanical twinning

Question 22

where is mechanical twinning most common

Answer 22

plagioclase and calcite

Question 23

more defects equals

Answer 23

more stored energy

Question 24

migration of vacancies in lattices

Answer 24

diffusion creep

Question 25

vacancies move through crystals

Answer 25

volume/nabaro-Herring creep

Question 26

where does nabaro-herring occur

Answer 26

lower crust-mantle

Question 27

vacancies move along grain boundaries

Answer 27

grain boundary/cobble creep

Question 28

where does cobble creep occur

Answer 28

plastic crust

Question 29

mineral is stressed and dissolved and the ions are carried to be precipitated elsewhere

Answer 29

dissolution creep

Question 30

3 factors of dissolution creep

Answer 30

1. source dissolution 2. migration along some pathway 3. reprecipitation

Question 31

localized distortion and shearing along a slip plane

Answer 31

dislocation creep

Question 32

line defects where the lattice is disrupted

Answer 32

dislocations

Question 33

dislocation perpendicular to the direction of the slip

Answer 33

edge dislocation

Question 34

movement of edge dislocation

Answer 34

dislocation glide

Question 35

dislocation is parallel to the slip direction

Answer 35

screw dislocation