Deformation

Question 1

Distortion that is expressed in a deformed rock

Answer 1

Deformation

Question 2

Movement of particles in the same direction and distance; change in position or location

Answer 2

Translation

Question 3

Change in shape

Answer 3

Distortion

Question 4

Rigid body deformation

Answer 4

Translation and Rotation

Question 5

Non-rigid deformation

Answer 5

Dilation and Distortion

Question 6

Process by which the particles rearrange themselves before and after deformation.

Answer 6

vis-a-vis continuum mechanics

Question 7

mechanics of materials with smoothly varying properties

Answer 7

Continuum Mechanics

Question 8

Deforming rock system example

Answer 8

Hawaii-Emperor volcanic chain

Question 9

microscopic and atomic scales

Answer 9

microstructuress

Question 10

How crystalline structure and interatomic bonding influence the strength of minerals leading to deformed rocks.

Answer 10

Deformation mechanics

Question 11

Accommodated through the activation of one or more microscale deformation mechanics

Answer 11

Strain

Question 12

Factors of deformation mechanics

Answer 12

Mineralogy
Temperature
Confining Pressure
Fluid Pressure
Differential Stress
Strain Rate

Question 13

Stress that builds at points of concentrations (i.e., grain boundaries, inclusions, pores, twins, dislocation, earlier formed microcracks).

Answer 13

Microfracturing

Question 14

Microscopic to submicroscopic cracks and surfaces

Answer 14

Microcracks

Question 15

A type of microcrack that occur within a single grain

Answer 15

intragranular

Question 16

A type of microcrack that is along a cleavage plane

Answer 16

intragranular

Question 17

A type of microcrack that has fracture strength of the grain < grain boundaries

Answer 17

intragranular

Question 18

A type of microcrack that exploit grain boundaries

Answer 18

intergranular

Question 19

A type of microcrack that indicates that boundaries are easier to crack

Answer 19

intergranular

Question 20

A type of microcrack that is less common in coarse grained rocks

Answer 20

intergranular

Question 21

A type of microcrack that cut across adjacent grains and their mutual grain boundaries

Answer 21

transgranular

Question 22

A type of microcrack that has strong grain boundaries and similar orientations of cleavage in neighboring grains

Answer 22

transgranular

Question 23

Can the three types of microcracks of all three types may be present in a single rock?

Answer 23

Yes, because of the diversity of minerals, crystallographic orientations, textures and microstructures in rocks.

Question 24

pervasive brittle fracturing and granulation of rocks

Answer 24

Cataclasis

Question 25

aggregate of highly fractured grains and rock fragments in a matrix of even smaller, crushed grains

Answer 25

Cataclasis and Cataclastic Flow

Question 26

Common in shallow depths, along fault and fault zones.

Answer 26

Cataclasis and Cataclastic Flow

Question 27

mapping of stress and strain associated with folded layers, most common in plag and calcite

Answer 27

Mechanical Twinning

Question 28

contains a significant number of defects

Answer 28

Atomic Lattice

Question 29

More defects means?

Answer 29

Higher stored energy

Question 30

Three types of crystal defects

Answer 30

Point Defect Line Defect (dislocation) Plane Defect

Question 31

Migration of vacancies in crystallographic lattices.

Answer 31

Diffusion creep

Question 32

Two types of diffusion creep

Answer 32

Volume diffusion (Nabaro-Herring Creep) Grain boundary diffusion (Cobble Creep)

Question 33

vacancies move through crystals (temperature and stress controlled)

Answer 33

Volume diffusion (Nabaro-Herring Creep)

Question 34

requires high energy; occur in the lower part of the crust and in the mantle.

Answer 34

Volume diffusion (Nabaro-Herring Creep)

Question 35

smaller grains means?

Answer 35

higher strain rate

Question 36

vacancies move along grain boundaries (temperature and stress controlled)

Answer 36

Grain boundary diffusion (Cobble creep)

Question 37

less energy demanding; occur in the plastic crust

Answer 37

Grain boundary diffusion (cobble creep)

Question 38

understanding the deformation of fine-grained rocks, such as in shear zones, and its role in contributing to the overall weakening and failure of rock bodies over geological time

Answer 38

Grain boundary diffusion (cobble creep)

Question 39

Ions move in fluid films and pore fluid

Answer 39

Dissolution Creep (Pressure Solution)

Question 40

occur at very low (even diagenetic) temperatures

Answer 40

Dissolution Creep (Pressure Solution)

Question 41

mineral is dissolved and the ions are carried with the fluid to be precipitated some other place

Answer 41

Dissolution Creep (Pressure Solution)

Question 42

Processes of dissolution creep depends on?

Answer 42

dissolution at the source diffusion or migration of the dissolved material along some pathway reprecipitation

Question 43

Change in shape by a combination of very localized, temporary distortion of the lattice and shearing of the lattice along a slip plane.

Answer 43

Dislocation Creep

Question 44

line defects in the crystal lattice where the regular arrangement of atoms is disrupted.

Answer 44

Dislocations

Question 45

Types of Dislocation Creep

Answer 45

Edge Dislocation Screw Dislocation

Question 46

Perpendicular to the direction of slip; edge of an extra half-plane in the crystal lattice.

Answer 46

Edge Dislocation

Question 47

process by which edge dislocation move

Answer 47

Dislocation glide

Question 48

Dislocation line is oriented parallel to the slip direction; a bit like tearing a piece of paper

Answer 48

Screw Dislocation