sociology > Demographic Changes > Flashcards

Demographic Changes Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What is BIRTHRATE ?

A

Number of live births per 1000 of the population per year.

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2
Q

Why has birth rate FALLEN since 1960?

A
  1. Children are an economic liability
  2. Cohabitation increased meaning couples live together but not married so fewer children
  3. CPOW
  4. Contraception/ abortion made available
  5. ‘Childfree’ women have no pressure to have children
  6. Safety net- worrying your child won’t survive before first birthday so you dont have children.
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3
Q

What did the study of HARPER say about democracy?

A

CPOW is the main reason for the long term downfall of birth rates. It changes mindset of women resulting in fewer children. Women are more educated.

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4
Q

What is secularisation?

A

Decline in religion.

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5
Q

How do POSTMODERNISTS link SECULARISATION to BIRTHRATE? What is an AO3 for this?

A

As there is a decline in religion many people dont have a faith to believe in anything specific so postmodernists believe we have individualism meaning more choice for non religious people

A03: this doesn’t impact everyone there are many religious families with high birth rates.

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6
Q

What does the study of BECK & BECK state about birth rates?

A

People focus more on careers, self development and lifestyle choices rather then children as they are seen as a choice

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7
Q

What does the study of MORGAN say about birth rates?

A

Government policies eg. Easier divorce, children costs, may discourage individuals into having children

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8
Q

What did the study of Lauton state about birth rates?

A

Women often choose a child-free lifestyle for reasons like travelling, financially, freedom, career focous

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9
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

Avarage number of children a woman is expected to have during their lifetime
Number of live births per 1000

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10
Q

Reasons why fertility rate has increased:

A
  1. Health care has improved
  2. Healthier food
  3. Improved housing and hygiene
  4. More knowledge about drinking and smoking, so avoid it whilst pregnant
  5. GENDERQUAKE: CPOW
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11
Q

What are the trends and effects of changes to the birth rates & fertility rate?

A
  1. Smaller families mean women more likely to work (dual burden)
  2. New right: concerned with the number of birth rates of immigrants and births outside of marriage
  3. Feminists: decline in birth rates shows women are taking control of their fertility. Women with high education and financial independence are choosing not to have children.
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12
Q

What is dependency ratio?

A

Way to compare number of people who dont work to the number of people who do work

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13
Q

What did the study of Dennis & Erdos state about fertility rate?

A

Many children are likely to be raised by poverty and be attracted to criminality, experience poor levels of adulthood and have lower expectations.

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14
Q

Why is dependency ratio important?

A

A high dependency ratio means fewer workers are supporting more dependants, this puts pressure o

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15
Q

What do feminists believe about fertility rate?

A

Decline in birth rate is evidence tha women are beginning to have more control over their fertility. Women with higher education and financial independence are choosing not to have children.

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16
Q

What did the study of harper state about fertility rate?

A

CPOW biggest reason for falling fertility rate.

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17
Q

What did the study of McDonald state about fertility?

A

In countries where women have equality in education and in the work place but not at home, fertility rate stays low as women avoid having children to avoid having a dual burden.

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18
Q

What did the study of BECK & BECK state about fertility?

A

People are free to make choice and therefore there is no pressure to have children.

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19
Q

What is INFANT MNORALITY RATE?

A

Number of infants who die before their first birthday per 1000 babies per year.

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20
Q

What are reasons why some areas would have higher IMR?

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A
  1. UK lifestyle (smoking,alcohol)
  2. Not enough money to take care of living conditions
  3. Pollution
  4. Materially deprived- not financially stable which makes it harder to look after child
21
Q

Reason why IMR has fallen?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Improving housing condition
  2. Better food
  3. Better understanding of links between disease and lack of hygiene spread
  4. Medical pressure/ medical advances
23
Q

How does the position of children over the years changing impact IMR?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Children were part of the labour force because parents needed their contribution however now children go to school.
  2. Child labour act
  3. Children now stay in school longer and become economic liability, depending on parents for longer period of time
24
Q

What did the study of Harper find about IMR?

Study These Flashcards
A

Believes public help improve to, like clean water, better sanitation caused a major fall in IMR.

25
What did the study of WILKINSON & PICKET find out about IMR?
Found that countries with greater inequality tend to have higher IMR.
26
What is life expectancy?
How long we are expected to live.
27
What are the DISADV of having an ageing population?
1. Taxes 2. Retirement age for younger people will have to rise 3. Medications
28
What are the ADV of having an ageing population?
1. More jobs (people to look after) 2. Beneficial for the family (gparents/ passing on culture/ help with child care) 3. Financially- enables women to return to work
29
What is a sandwich generation?
Usually women who dont only take care of children but also their parents.
30
What did the study of TOWNSEND state about life expectancy?
Studied poverty in the uk and found that there was a higher proportion of older people in poverty then the younger.
31
What did the study of PILCHER state about life expectancy?
Women tend to live longer than men, wc individuals often have shorter life expectancies.
32
What is an AO3 for life expectancy?
1. People may live longer but spend longer years in poor health.
33
What is death rate?
Number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year.
34
What are reasons for the fall in death rate?
1. Gov placed a 5 a day 2. Improvement in water 3. Free school meals 4. Bad things for health have a higher price eg. Smoking alcohol 5. Fewer wars 6. Decline in infectious diseases because of vaccines and antibiotics
35
What’s the importance of COVID19 in death rate?
Covid 19 changed the health profile of Englands population becoming the leading cause of death, the number of people dying exceeded.
36
What did the study of MCKEON state about death rate?
There has been a decline in death rate as there is improved nutrition. As food quality improved people got stronger and more resistant to flues meaning fewer people die.
37
What did the study of rapper state about death rate?
Big reason for falling in death rate in a decline in smoking. Smoking caused any early deaths in the past, as smoking dropped, life expectancy rose and death rate fell.
38
What are 2 main reasons for a decline in death rates?
1. Public health measures- improved household/ environment/ housing sanitation 2. COVID19- wash hands/ cover your face/ keep a distance
39
What is immigration, emigration and net migration?
1. People move into an area or a country 2. People move out of an area or a country 3. Difference between people immigrating and emigrating
40
What are reasons why people would emigrate to the UK?
1. Better health care 2. Better job opportunities/ education 3. Housing 4. Escape war 5. Better pay 6. Safety
41
What are push and pull factors of immigration?
Push factor- emigrate (war, poverty, unemployment) Pull factor- immigrate (education, employment)
42
What are the 3 types of migrants COHEN identified?
1. Citizens- full legal right 2. Denizens- privileged foreigners (the wealthy) 3. Helots- exploited groups (low paid wc migrant workers)
43
What did the study of HOSCHILD state about migration?
Studied how female migrants from poorer countries work in rich countries as nannies, carers, cleaners. These women often leave their children behind to care for others.
44
What are the key trends in marriage in the uk?
1. Long term decline in marriage rates 2. Increase in age at first marriage (30s) 3. Increase in same sex marriages 4. Increase in remarriages
45
What are the main reasons for changes in marriage patterns?
1. Secularisation (Wilson) 2. CPOW 3. Fear of divorce 4. Cohabitation 5. Costs of weddings 6. Culture diversity
46
Name key sociological studies about theories on marriage..
1. Beck and beck- individuals no longer bound by traditional norms, instead people create their own lifestyles and relationships. Eg. Cohabitation, 2. Bernard- marriage is a patriarchal institution which benefits men and put women in a difficult position where they have to do a “triple shift” (paid work, housework, emotional work). Radical feminists 3. Morgan- decline in marriage rates and rising divorce rates are a sign of social instability (blame welfare dependency) new right 4. Weeks- (chosen family) increase acceptance of same sex families which is based on friendships and choice- postmodernists
47
What are the main trends in divorce?
-Divorce act was introduced in the UK in 1969 to make it easier for couples to divorce which made a huge increase in divorce rates. -In 1993 divorce rates reached their peak due to social acceptance of divorce/ CPOW/ individual expectations -Since the 1990 divorce rates have gradually fallen as fewer people are marrying/ cohabitation/ later marriages
48
What are the main causes of divorce?
1. Legal changes (1969 divorce act) 2. Decline in stigma (Mitchell & Goody) 3. Higher expectations (fletcher) 5. Woman independence (hart) 6. Individualisation (beck) 7. Dual burden
49
Name key sociological studies in DIVORCE?
1. ALLEN & CROW- in the past people married for security and financial reasons now however it’s about love meaning that now there is a higher rate in divorce as if there is no love people will easily divorce 2. BERNARD- radical feminist perspective which argues many women felt unhappy in their marriages, with more knowledge on independence women tend to divorce to be happy. 3. SHARP- girls wanted to prioritise housework, looking after children, love marriage however in 1995 she studied again and girls prioritise their eduction and careers instead of marriage.
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