what are the reason for the decline in birth rates: changes in women’s positions
- there is now easier access to divorce
- women have more control over fertility and contraception
- there has been changes in attitudes to family life and women’s roles
- major changes during the 20th century: legal equality, increased educational opportunities and girls doing better than boys
what did harper say about changes in women’s positions
- education is the most important reason for this. Led to a changed mind set, use of family planning and seeing other opportunities rather than housewife roles
- Harper also notes that once a pattern of low fertility rates lasts more than one generation, this then becomes norm
what are the reasons for the decline in birth rates: decline in infant mortality rate (IMR)
- better nutrition including that of the mother
- UK has better housing and sanitation eg flush toilets, clean water reduced diseases
- 1900: IMR was 154 2012:4
- AO3: Brass and Kabie argue that IMR is not linked to the decline in b=BR
what did Harper say about the decline in infant mortality rate
fall in IMR leads to a fall of birth rates- parents had children to replace lost ones
what is the reason for decline in birth rates: children are now an economic liability
- children remain economically dependent on parents for longer
- as a result of financial pressures, couples are less willing to have large families
what are the reasons for the decline in birth rates: child centeredness
- -shift from ‘quantity to quality’
- introduction to compulsory schooling
- parents have fewer children to give them more resources
what are the reasons for the decline in death rates: improved nutrition
McKeown: improved nutrition accounts for up to half reduction in deaths especially TB
However McKeown does not explain why women , who receive smaller accounts of food live longer than men
what are the reasons for the decline in death rates: medical improvements
- improved ,maternity services
- Advances including antibiotics, immunisation and blood transfusions
- Deaths from obesity have been kept low as a result of drug therapies- long lifestyle is achieved by costly medication
what are the reasons for the decline in death rates: smoking/diet
- lifestyle changes particularly in the amount of men that smoke
- obesity has replaced smoking as the new lifestyle epidemic (AO3)
- Harper= greatest fall comes from reduction of people smoking
what are the reasons for the decline in death rates: public health measures
- greater public knowledge of what causes infection
- clean air acts reduced air pollution that led to 4,000 deaths
- improved sewage disposal from the Gov
what are the reasons for the decline in death rates: Other
- smaller families reduce the rate of transmission of infection
- decline of dangerous manual occupations such as mining
- higher incomes- healthier lifestyles
explain why life expectancy has increased over the past decade
medical improvements such as advances including antibiotics, immusation and blood transfusions
what are the links between life expectancy, class and gender
The higher your class the more likely you are to live better and longer as you can afford nutrious food. females live longer than men
which factors affect the size of a country’s population
1) birth rate ,2) death rate, 3)immigration 4)emigration
how the population grown in the uk
1801: 10.5 million
1901:37 million
current population: 65 million
2031: 71 million
* was a result of natural change, now a result of immigrations
what is the definition of birth rate
the number of live births per thousands per year
(birth rates are decline)
long term decline in births since 1900 (28.7) now 12.2! However, 3 ‘baby booms’: after two world wars, 1950s, slight increase 2001
what factors determine birth rate
- proportion of woman at child bearing age
2. how fertile woman are
what is TFR
the fertility rate - average number of children women have. the TFR has risen but is still lower than the past. This reflects the fact that 1) women are remaining childless 2) women are postponing children
what are the numbers for death rates over the years
1900: death rate 19
2002:8.9
1930s/40s rose slightly (great depression )
what are the reasons for decline in death rates
*transfer: fall in number of deaths due to infectious disease eg measles,TB
what are the statistics for an aging population
1971: 34.1 years
2013: 40.3
fewer young more old
age pyramid: used to look like a triangle( biggest group was infants, smallest elderly)
what are the reasons for the aging population
- increasing life expectancy
- declining infant mortality
- declining fertility
effects of an aging population: public services
older people consume a larger proportion of services such as health and social care than other social groups . This is particularly true against the ‘old old’ (75 +above) as against the ‘young old’(65-74).However we shouldn’t over generalise as many people remain in good health at old age.
effects of aging population: ageism
This is the negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people on the basis of their age. Ageism towards older people can be discrimination in employment
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key studies-educational processes21
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Families And Social Policy25
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Family Diversity50
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Changing Family Patterns59
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Demography48
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Theories Of The Family41
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Childhood25
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Couples32
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Educational Policies And Inequality43
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AO3 Education10
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Gender And Achievement- Quick Check Questions61
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Questions For Sociology Exam41
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Education Keywords41
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key studies-The role and function of education33
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key studies-social class and ethnicty51
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key studies-teacher/pupil relationships3
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class different in achievement-Quickcheck questions37
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research methods78
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overall family revision flashcards50
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NEW: External class differences in achievement27
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New: Internal differences in achievement33
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Class assessment flashcards50
