Deodorants Flashcards by doinke zzzz

Regulated by sympathetic nervous system
Body temperature regulator
Remove waste and toxic by-products from the body
Odorless, but bacterial and heat decomposition yields
volatile by-products with unpleasant odor

Sweat

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the 2 types of sweat glands are present at birth (t or f)

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Simple, coiled tubular glands with duct that leads directly onto skin surface
Where antiperspirants take action
exist and function from birth
found all over the body
Controls body temperature and electrolyte balance

eccrine sweat glands

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under psychological and thermal control
Secretion contains water, salts, amino acids, peptides,
and electrolytic components (should be no odor at all)
Considered as true sweat gland

eccrine sweat glands

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Limited to axilla, anus, and breast
Larger than eccrine glands
Ducts open into hair follicle duct
Exist at birth, but become functional at puberty
Triggered by emotions
Secretion is odorless and viscous

apocrine sweat glands

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Topically-applied products designed to reduce or mask
unpleasant body odors by re-odorization and/or antibacterial action

deodorants

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deodorants cannot be used as anti-perspirants (t or f)

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Topically-applied products designed to reduce underarm
wetness by limiting body transpiration

ANTIPERSPIRANTS

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Antiperspirants inhibit perspiration secreted by _________ usually by forming a temporary plug within the sweat
duct

eccrine glands

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Excessive sweating
Profusion of sweat in the axillary sites palms, feet, face,
trunk, or combination of these
Excessive sweat lead to unpleasant body odor that can
adversely affect the person’s ability to attain a normal
and healthy quality of life (QoL)
May require non-cosmetic antiperspirants

hyperhidrosis

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REQUIRED PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Neutral or pleasant odor
Easy to spread
Pleasant feeling during application
Well-tolerated and non-allergenic
Long-term deodorization
Quick-drying properties
Non-staining properties

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ODOR MASKING
ODOR NEUTRALIZING
ODOR QUENCHING
ODOR ABSORBING/ADSORBING
ESTERASE INHIBITORS
ANTIMICROBIAL INGREDIENTS
ANTIPERSPIRANTS

Mechanisms of Action

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Most common mechanism
Ingredients reduce the perception of odor through
blending with underarm, odor, and masking it
Example: Fragrances

ODOR MASKING

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Agents chemically neutralize odors compounds to yield
odorless components
There is chemical reaction involved
> Reaction between the neutralizing agent and
odorous compound
> Yield odorless component

ODOR NEUTRALIZING

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ODOR NEUTRALIZING examples

Sodium bicarbonate
Potassium bicarbonate
Zinc carbonate

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Ingredients bind to odorous chemicals and form complexes with these materials
EDTA is the most powerful chelating agent
chelation or sequestering

ODOR QUENCHING

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ODOR QUENCHING examples

Zinc ricinoleate
Zinc oxide
Hydroxyapatite

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Ingredients physically neutralize odorous molecules
formed in the axilla via absorption or adsorption to
decrease perceived odors
> Bad odors are volatile
> Physical neutralization thru abs/adsorption: Less volatility → Less perception of BO

ODOR ABSORBING/ADSORBING

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ODOR ABSORBING/ADSORBING
examples

Resins
Silicates

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Act by directly inhibiting enzymes of the underarm
bacteria, or by shifting the pH optimal for the development of underarm odor (pH 6) to acidic range, which results in odor reduction

ESTERASE INHIBITORS

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ESTERASE INHIBITORS examples

Zinc glycinate: Inhibits enzymes of bacteria
Citric acid derivatives: Lowers pH

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Prevent underarm odor by inhibiting or deactivating the
bacteria responsible for bad odor formation
> Can help in deodorization

ANTIMICROBIAL INGREDIENTS

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ANTIMICROBIAL INGREDIENTS

Ethanol
Triclosan
Sucrose monostearate
Essential oils like thyme and clove oil

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Reversibly block sweat gland secretion by forming a
temporary, gelatinous plug in the eccrine duct
Action is not permanent; we have to continuously apply

ANTIPERSPIRANTS

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- Aluminum chloride - Aluminum chlorohydrate - Aluminum sesquichlorohydrate - Aluminum sulfate

ANTIPERSPIRANTS: Aluminum-based agents

- Buffered with glycine to stabilize them and mitigate acidic harshness resulting when applied to underarm axilla - Common agent that is used for antiperspirant: Tawas (aluminum-sulfate salts)

ANTIPERSPIRANTS: Aluminum-zirconium based agents

Types of DEODORANTS & ANTIPERSPIRANTS

- roll ons - solid sticks - extrudable clear gels - extrudable soft solids - aerosols

types of roll-ons

- Water-based - Hydroalcoholic - Silicone-based

- Usually opaque O/W emulsions > cannot be water only because the active ingredient is not really water soluble - Based on non-ionic surfactants - Advantage: Less irritating than hydroalcoholic > can be used for sensitive skin - Disadvantage: Dries slower than hydroalcoholic

Water-based roll-ons

- Have a shorter drying time - Offers a refreshing feeling on application - Contains only alcohol-soluble actives, usually thickened with hydrophilic polymer - Emollients and silicones can be incorporated with product emulsifiers > Emollients and silicones - moisture > Add emulsifiers because these two are not completely miscible with alcohol

Hydroalcoholic roll-ons

- Can be formulated as anhydrous products > Actives are suspended in volatile silicone oils like cyclomethicone - May be thickened with non-surfactant suspending agents like quaternium-18 to minimize powder sedimentation > Cannot be a water-based thickening agent like polymers > Aluminum is thick, needs dispersion in a suspension

Silicone-based roll-ons

types of solid sticks

- deodorant sticks - antiperspirant sticks

- Based on sodium stearate as gelling agent - Deodorizing agents and fragrances are dissolved in hydrophilic vehicle based on water and propylene glycol - To make the formulation more transparent: Nonionic surfactants

Deodorant sticks

To make the formulation more transparent: Nonionic surfactants, like ________

- PG-3 myristyl ether - Isosteareth-20

to improve stability of deodorant sticks

- Preservatives, - Antioxidants, and - Chelating agents

- Usually anhydrous suspension containing suspended antiperspirant actives in silicone-based vehicles

antiperspirant sticks

antiperspirant sticks - Quick-drying and dry skin feel

- Cyclomethicone - Cyclopentasiloxane

antiperspirant sticks - Soft skin feel and glideability

- Myristyl myristate - Octyldodecanol

antiperspirant sticks - Dispersing agents

PPG-4 butyl ether

antiperspirant sticks - Give structure to the stick and act as lubricant

- Stearyl alcohol - Behenyl alcohol - Hydrogenated castor oil

antiperspirant sticks - Thickener

- Quaternium-18 hectorite

antiperspirant sticks - Suspending agent

- talc - silica

- W/Si emulsions that appear as transparent formulations which are often associated by consumers with a lack of white residue on the skin > If we have 2 phases, they become transparent when we match their refractive index - Antiperspirant actives dissolved in water > May also contain alcohol and humectants - Blend of cyclomethicone and dimethicone copolyol help disperse and solubilize actives - Special silicone blends are used to stabilize the emulsion

EXTRUDABLE CLEAR GELS

- Usually white anhydrous silicone suspensions pastes - Rub-in quickly, non-tacky, leave little residue on skin, and deliver high levels of antiperspirant protection

EXTRUDABLE SOFT SOLIDES

EXTRUDABLE SOFT SOLIDES: Powdered active is suspended in ______________________

- Silicone (cyclopentasiloxane) and/or - Hydrocarbon (isohexadecane)

EXTRUDABLE SOFT SOLIDES: Paste is thickened with waxes like ______________________

- C18-36 acid triglyceride and - Tribehenin

- Popular due to hygienic and easy-to-use product form

aerosols

- Contain a solution of deodorant ingredient blended with liquefied propellant - Provide a dry skin feeling as anhydrous formulations

Deodorant aerosols

deodorant aerosols propellants

Propane, butane, and isobutane

- Anhydrous formulations wherein antiperspirant actives are suspended in the product - Vehicle consists of volatile silicone oils - Suspending agents are used to stabilize product - Usually shaken before use

Antiperspirant aerosols

Antiperspirant aerosols: suspending agents used to stabilize product

- Stearalkonium bentonite - Hectorite

Antiperspirants are generally insoluble in water (t or f)

Aluminum powders tend to leave a visible white residue on the skin or clothing when formulated into anhydrous systems (t or f)

Antiperspirants have an acidic pH (4.0 to 4.2) when dissolved in water (t or f)

Antiperspirant aerosols contain actives in dissolved suspended state (t or f)

Antiperspirants actives are insoluble in sweat (t or f)

Antiperspirant actives are more readily available and effective in water-phase is the internal phase of emulsions (t or f)

- Shrinkage of Extrudable gel - Caking of aerosols - Valve clogging (For aerosols) - Staining and fabric damage (Yellow stain) - Poor pay-off (For sticks - Hard to apply or does not stick to skin)

quality problems

Volatility of alcohol in formulations

cause of Shrinkage of Extrudable gel

Addition of humectants to reduce alcohol lost

remedy of Shrinkage of Extrudable gel

Settling of actives at the bottom of the can

cause of Caking of aerosols

Use of thickeners like bentonite

remedy of caking of aerosols

Large particle sizes, High thickener concentrations, or Improper valve system

cause of Valve clogging - For aerosols

Use of silicone oils

remedy of valve clogging

Build-up of aluminum salts from the product, acidic pH of perspirants

cause of Staining and fabric damage - Yellow stain

Soaking in slightly alkaline solution - Neutralize acid

remedy of staining and fabric damage

Improper type and/or Insufficiently high concentration of hardening agents

cause of Poor pay-off - For sticks - Hard to apply or does not stick to skin

Proper selection of ingredients

remedy of poor pay-off

- More on deodorants - Cultivation of selected bacteria on agar plates, and evaluation of microbial growth after incubation period - Not reliable to indicate true potential of formulation for malodor control > Antimicrobial action is being tested, not directly the reduction of malodor

IN VITRO MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING

- Sensory assessment of body odor by expert sniffers - Intensity of body odor is evaluated while test subjects perform normal activities

IN VIVO SNIFF TEST

- Subjects use perfume-free, non-bacterial soap, with no antiperspirant for several days

IN VIVO SNIFF TEST: Preconditioning phase

Use of test (left armpit) and control (right armpit) formulations for few days

IN VIVO SNIFF TEST: Testing phase

Antiperspirant should meet: >Minimum of 20% sweat reduction in at least 50% of test population for standard effectiveness OR >Minimum of 30% sweat reduction in at least 50% of test population for extra effectiveness

SWEAT REDUCTION TEST FOR ANTIPERSPIRANTS

Test subjects must produce - at least 100 mg of sweat - during 20 minutes - in a controlled environment

SWEAT REDUCTION TEST FOR ANTIPERSPIRANTS

SWEAT REDUCTION TEST FOR ANTIPERSPIRANTS (no. of days)

25 days

- no application of any products on the axillae - use of unscented mild soap provided by laboratory to daily clean armpits at home

Preconditioning period

day 1 to day 17

Preconditioning period

day 18

baseline

- section of volunteers having sufficient sweat rates and sweat odour intensity

baseline`

day 19 to day 23

product application (5 days)

- 5 application: once a day - randomized balanced design: test product on one side/ placebo on the other side

product application (5 days)

day 24

24 hours efficacy

- ambient conditions - sweat collection period (4hrs) - gavimetric and sweat odour intensity evaluation - statistical analysis

day 24 and day 25

48 hours efficacy

day 25

Deodorants Flashcards

(84 cards)