what are the DSM-5 categories of depression
major depressive disorder
persistnet depressive disorder
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
behavioural characteristics of depression
affects to activity levels
disruption to eating and sleep behaviour
agression and self harm
how depression affects activity levels
reduced energy levels - making them lethargic
in extreme cases the person might not be able to get out of bed
how depression causes disruption to eating and sleeping behaviour
either experience reduced sleep (insomnia) or increased need for sleep (hypersomnia)
eating appetite can increase or decrease)
affects of depression on aggression and self harm
can be verbally and physically aggressive
can be towards other people, and can be physically agressive towards themselves - self harm
emotional characteristics of depression
lowered mood
anger
low self esteem
what does a lowered mood in depression cause
someone feeling lethargic and sad
people desribe themselves as ‘worthless’ and ‘empty’
cognitive characteristics of depression
poor concentration
dwelling on negatives
absolutist thinking
poor memory
what was Becks aim
to explain why some people are more vulnerable to depression on others and focused on how it is a persons cognitions that create vulnerability
what are the three parts that Beck suggested for the cognitive vulnerability
faulty information processing
negative self schema
the negative triad
what is the negative triad
Beck suggested a person develops a dysfunctional view of themselves due to 3 types of negative thinking
3 parts of the negative triad
negative view of the world
negative view of the future
negative view of the self
thoughts of the world according to the negative triad
the negative thoughts create the impression that there is no hope anywhere
e.g. ‘the world is a cold hard place’
thoughts of the future according to the negative triad
negative thoughts reduce ay hpefullness and enhance depression
thoughts of the self according to the negative triad
negative thoughts enhance any existing depressive feelings as they confirm the existing emotions of low self esteem
e.g. ‘I am a failure’
what is faulty information processing
one part of becks cognitive vulnerability
when someone attends to negative aspects of a situation and ignore positives
also blow small problems out of proportion
what is a negative self schema
one part of becks cognitive vulnerability
a schema is a package of ideas and information developed from experience
a self schema is a package of information that people have of themselves and are used to interpret the world
if these self schemas are negative they interpret all information about themselves in a negative way
what are the three steps of Ellis’s ABC model
activating event
belief
consequences
what is CBT
cognitive behavioural therapy
most common psychological treatment for depression
example of the cognitive approach to treatment with some behavioural elements
cognitive element of CBT
starts with assesment in which client and therapist work together to clarift clients problem
identifiy goals and put together a plan to achieve them
identify whether there are negative and irrational thoughts that might benefit from the challenge
behavioural element of CBT
involves working to change negative and irrational thoughts and put more effective behaviours into place
what is behavioural activation
a strategy of Becks CBT
gradually decreases their evoidance and isolation by increasing their engagement in activites they once enjoyed doing - rewarding for the client
different strategies CBT uses
behavioural activation
homework
thought catching
cognitive restructuring
what is thought catching
the client is encouraged to identify and record their automatic negative thoughts and consider how they might challenge them
